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| 13784957148 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 0 | |
| 13784957149 | King Louis XIII of France | He wasn't too great of a ruler. He centralized power in France, which made him unpopular with the aristocracy | 1 | |
| 13784957150 | Pedro I | (1798-1834) Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 2 | |
| 13784957151 | Miguel Hidalgo | - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. | 3 | |
| 13784957152 | Robespierre | A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial. | 4 | |
| 13784957153 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 5 | |
| 13784957154 | Eli Whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) | 6 | |
| 13784957155 | Adam Smith (1723-1790) | scottish economist who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations | 7 | |
| 13784957156 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 8 | |
| 13784957157 | Tsar Nicholas II | Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. | 9 | |
| 13784957158 | Tsar Alexander II | He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will | 10 | |
| 13784957178 | Mahumud II | 11 | ||
| 13784957159 | Ghandi | leader of Indian National Congress, used non-violent protest to help gain Indian Independence | 12 | |
| 13784957160 | Hong Xiuquan | was a village school teacher, proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty. | 13 | |
| 13784957161 | Cixi (Dowager Empress) | ruler of China who allowed some of China to be reformed | 14 | |
| 13784957162 | Mathew Perry | A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange | 15 | |
| 13784957163 | C. Rhodes | British financier and statesman in Southern Africa who made his fortune in gold and diamonds. | 16 | |
| 13784957164 | Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism. | 17 | |
| 13784957165 | Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I | 18 | |
| 13784957179 | Vladimir Lenin's nin (1870-1924) | 19 | ||
| 13784957180 | Kaser Wilhelm II | 20 | ||
| 13784957181 | Sun katson | 21 | ||
| 13784957166 | Mao Zedong (1893-1976) | Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. | 22 | |
| 13784957167 | Jomo Kenyatta | Nationalist who helped lead Kenya to independence | 23 | |
| 13784957168 | Pancho Villa | This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920. | 24 | |
| 13784957169 | Marcus Garvey | Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business | 25 | |
| 13784957170 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition | 26 | |
| 13784957171 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights | 27 | |
| 13784957182 | Banito Mussolini | 28 | ||
| 13784957172 | Adolf Hitler | Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). | 29 | |
| 13784957173 | Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. | 30 | |
| 13784957174 | FDR | 32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms | 31 | |
| 13784957175 | Ho Chi Minh | 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable | 32 | |
| 13784957176 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) | 33 | |
| 13784957177 | Marshall Tito | Communist dictator of Yugoslavia, worked to keep the former Yugoslavia free from Russian domination. | 34 | |
| 13784957183 | Mikail Gorbachev | leader of the Soviet Union who passed the reforms of glasnost and perestroika; negotiated with Ronald Reagan to improve relations and decrease nuclear weapons; his reforms caused the Soviet Union to collapse | 35 | |
| 13786537808 | Shah Reza Pahlavi | the leader of Iran after World War II that was supported by Western government and Western oil companies. He tried to weaken the political influence of religion in Iran by limiting the role of the Islamic legal and academic experts. He was forced to flee from Iran in January 1979. | 36 | |
| 13786537809 | Deng Xiaoping | Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy. | 37 | |
| 13786537810 | Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994. | 38 | |
| 13786537811 | Rachel Carson | United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) | 39 | |
| 13786537812 | 7 Years War | Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America | 40 | |
| 13786537813 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 41 | |
| 13786537814 | Crimean War | war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other. | 42 | |
| 13786537835 | Kissing-japan war | 43 | ||
| 13786537815 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. | 44 | |
| 13786537816 | Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. | 45 | |
| 13786537817 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | 46 | |
| 13786537818 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | 47 | |
| 13786537819 | World War I | A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918. | 48 | |
| 13786537820 | World War Two | Event that brought the United States completely out of the Great Depression, we entered because of Japanese bombing at Pearl Harbor | 49 | |
| 13786537821 | Iranian Revolution | (1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader | 50 | |
| 13786537822 | Russian Revolution | The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917. | 51 | |
| 13786537823 | Mexican Revolution | (1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. | 52 | |
| 13786537824 | French Revolution (1789) | Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution. This uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas. | 53 | |
| 13786537825 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 54 | |
| 13786537836 | Chinease revolution | 55 | ||
| 13786537826 | Amritsar Massacre | To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests | 56 | |
| 13786537827 | Rape of Nanjing (Nanking) | demonstrated the horrors of the war, extreme nationalism and racial superiority led Japanese to rape 7,000 women, murder hundreds of thousands of civilians, and burn ⅓ of the homes all over the course of 2 months | 57 | |
| 13786537828 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | 58 | |
| 13786537829 | Cuban Missile Crisis | 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba | 59 | |
| 13786537830 | Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. | 60 | |
| 13786537831 | Vietnam War | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. | 61 | |
| 13786537832 | Afghanistan War | 1979-1989. Soviet war to preserve communist rule in Afghanistan, opposed by US-funded mujahideen. The "Vietnam of the USSR" | 62 | |
| 13786537833 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 63 | |
| 13786537834 | Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. | 64 | |
| 13785063370 | Enlightenment | was a late 17th- and 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, skepticism, and science. | 65 | |
| 13785067468 | Zionism | A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. | 66 | |
| 13785084035 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 67 | |
| 13785111350 | Reign of Terror | (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" | 68 | |
| 13785124433 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s | 69 | |
| 13785138081 | Socialism | a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. | 70 | |
| 13786974123 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 71 | |
| 13786974124 | Reign of Terror | This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. | 72 | |
| 13786974125 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s | 73 | |
| 13786974156 | Marksism | 74 | ||
| 13786974126 | Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 75 | |
| 13786974127 | Young Turks | A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. | 76 | |
| 13786974128 | Pogroms | organized violence against Jews | 77 | |
| 13786974157 | capitalation | 78 | ||
| 13786974129 | Tanzimat Era | "reorganization" era (1839-1876) opposition from radical Young Ottomans, who wanted constitutional government. Pace of reform moved fast, drafted new laws, & underestimated power of traditional religious elite | 79 | |
| 13786974130 | Meji Restoration | 1867; The policy of Japan to reverse its isolation and replace the feudal rulers of the shogun and increase the power of the emperor | 80 | |
| 13786974131 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | 81 | |
| 13786974132 | Cape to Cario Railway | was a proposed road that would stretch the length of Africa, from Cape Town to Cairo, through the Cape to Cairo Red Line of British colonies. | 82 | |
| 13786974133 | White Men's Burden | alleged duty of the white peoples to bring their civilization to other peoples regarded as backward | 83 | |
| 13786974134 | Great Compromise | 1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems. | 84 | |
| 13786974135 | OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) | An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. | 85 | |
| 13786974136 | WTO (World Trade Organization) | organization through which member nations negotiate trading agreements and resolve disputes about trade policies and practices | 86 | |
| 13786974137 | IMF (International Monetary Fund) | part of the UN makes loans to countries to finance development | 87 | |
| 13786974138 | Cultural Revolution | Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. | 88 | |
| 13786974158 | m.a.b.i.a | 89 | ||
| 13786974139 | Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. | 90 | |
| 13786974140 | Perestrokia | A policy instituted by Gorbachev in the soviet union in 1985 which means economic restructuring. Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open small private buisnesses. it was to make the economic system more efficent and productive. | 91 | |
| 13786974141 | Solidarity | Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. | 92 | |
| 13786974142 | Determinism | the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will | 93 | |
| 13786974143 | Marshall Plan | A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. | 94 | |
| 13786974144 | Appesement | A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another power. Winston Churchill and Britain appeasing Hitler in Germany. This allowed Germany to become too powerful. | 95 | |
| 13786974145 | Non-alignment | Resistance to side with one nation/force. Ex: India did not take a side during the Cold War. | 96 | |
| 13786974146 | United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. | 97 | |
| 13786974147 | Munich Conference | 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. | 98 | |
| 13786974148 | salt trade | exchange between West Africans selling gold and Arab traders selling salt, beginning around A.D. 750 | 99 | |
| 13786974149 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | 100 | |
| 13786974150 | Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO | 101 | |
| 13786974151 | Pan-Arab Nationalism | forms in Palestine against potential Jewish state | 102 | |
| 13786974152 | Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 | Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. | 103 | |
| 13786974153 | United Fruit Company | The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States. | 104 | |
| 13786974154 | Guangdong | also known as the Canton Province. It is the home of Sun Yat Sen. It is the richest and most populated Chinese province. Because it is south of the Tropic of Cancer, it has no winter and agriculture is strong here. | 105 | |
| 13786974155 | Fourteen Points | A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. | 106 |
