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AP World History Exam Review (Unit 3 & 4) Flashcards

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4369370246diffusionIs the spreading of other peoples ideas to different parts of the world.0
4369374103conduita means by which something is transmitted (ex: religion, disease, technology via trade routes)1
4369380103Swahili city-statesA number of commercial polities established mostly by Indian Ocean trade by Bantu descendants the Swahili, they rose to significant economic and political sapience between 700 and 1100 CE forming large trade ports with coral brick houses and a wealthy merchant and artisan class. Primarily traded gold and ivory but knowledge also traveled along these routes2
4369383535TimbuktuMali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning; Muslim3
4369387410VeniceAn Italian town along with Pisa and Genoa that controlled the Mediterranean trade after 1200 CE bringing silks and spices from Asia to Europe.4
4369398093luxury goodsGoods that have special qualities that make them more expensive than alternative goods (ex: silk, cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious gems/metals)5
4369404104porcelaina thin, beautiful pottery invented in China; China had a monopoly on porcelain for a long time, luxury good6
4369411186astrolabeAn instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets; encouraged the growth of trade and exploration; invented by the Greek 220 BCE7
4369427919paper moneylegal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins8
4369442063Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.9
4369445308Byzantine Empire(330 CE-1453 CE) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Christian, centralized, Hagia Sophia, ceasorpapism10
4369472698caesaropapismA political- religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.11
4369485130Bantu migrationThe movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, iron metallurgy, and agricultural techniques from around 500 BCE to around 1000 CE12
4369497083Polynesian migrationoriginating from somewhere in Southeast Asia, these people spread out to neighboring islands, bringing culture, trade, and agriculture with them via canoes. (spread domesticated animals like dogs, pigs, and chickens and crops like sugar cane, bananas, and taro)13
4369658733diasporic communitya group (in this case, merchants) scattered far from home who settles together (examples: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean, Chinese merchant communities in SE Asia, Jewish communities in the Mediterranean)14
4369668537Ibn BattutaMoroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. Was very judgmental of other cultures.15
4369671630Marco PoloVenetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.16
4369674980Neoconfucianismterm that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism17
4369678503Tang and Song DynastiesTwo of the most famous dynasties in all of Chinese history, not just in the era c. 600 -c. 1450. Under these dynasties, China had the world's largest population, the most advanced technology and the most splendid cities.18
4369834211moveable typeA system of printing in the Tang and Song that resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes; spread from E. Asia to the Islamic empires and Western Europe during the 500 - 1450 CE time period.19
4369847229gunpowderInvented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century (1400s)20
4369860712feudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (aka: decentralized political authority) - seen in Western Europe and Japan in period 3 (500 - 1450)21
4369867751Black DeathA deadly plague with origins in East Asia that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; followed previously established trade routes22
4369874711syncretismThe unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.23
4369885716Islam622 C.E. A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. Expanded through the use of merchants and missionaries and military expansion.24
4369886887mosqueA Muslim place of worship; has several distinct architectural elements such as minarets (towers that call Muslims to prayer), and a qibla wall that indicates the direction of Mecca25
4369890068caliphateIslamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. (examples: Umayyad, Abbasid)26
4369905174chinampa field systema method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico27
4369907653AztecsAlso known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax (tribute system). Practiced human sacrifice and used religion to justify their rule. Capital was Tenochtitlan in modern-day Mexico City.28
4369911954horse collarHarnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; increased agricultural production in Europe b/c soil was harder there and required more work to plow29
4369918817Little Ice AgeA century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.30
4369921219Vikingsone of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.31
4369924802urbanizationMovement of people from rural areas to cities32
4369929401guildA medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.33
4369933045coerced laborWhen people are forced to work either as slaves or serfs.34
4369935833serfsmen of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection35
4369941104mit'aLabor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.36
4369977335MuhammadThe last prophet believed by Muslims who talked to the Archangel Gabriel and whose life teachings is compiled in the Hadith.37
4369984861MongolsA people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.38
4369988717caliphA supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government39
4369998577CrusadesArmed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.40
4370039594Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.41
4370045753Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.42
4370067257caravelsSlender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire43
4370073505mercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought44
4370081308joint-stock companiesFormed in the absence of support from the British Crown, these accrued funding for colonization through the sale of public stock. These companies dominated English colonization throughout the seventeenth century.45
4370088931Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.46
4370091845the great dyingThe name given to the near extinction (90% mortality rate) of the indigenous people of the Americas due to smallpox and measles brought via the Columbian Exchange47
4370096575Sunni MuslimMajority of the Muslims; believe successor of Muhammad can be an elected caliph.48
4370098129Shiite MuslimAccept only the descendants of Ali as the true leaders of Islam49
4370101860ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches50
4370103660Martin Luther16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith51
4370106342Counter Reformationthe reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)52
4370108507JesuitsAlso known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.53
4370110969Sikhismthe doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam54
4370116178wood block printsJapanese artform, Ukiyo-e school, depict nature and landscapes,historical tales55
4370120931Renaissance"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; began in Florence, Italy56
4370123615VodunOr voodoo is a syncretism faith that combines the animist faith of West Africa with Christianity.57
4370130916indentured servitudeA worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.58
4370134066chattel slaveryA system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.59
4370140710encomiendaA grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it60
4370143926ManchusNortheast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.61
4370146144creolesDescendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.62
4370148054castasmiddle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)63
4370149497peninsularesSpanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.64
4370152114daimyoA Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai65
4370155528gentryA class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status; usually wealthy and land-owning existing in Europe66
4370159625Divine rightBelief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. (Used by European kings to justify their rule)67
4370166691millet systemDivided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.68
4370174901devshirmeOttoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers69
4370177278janissariesInfantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.70
4370181925Civil Service ExamIn Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.71
4370186692samuraia member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos.72
4370194973maritimeof, relating to, or adjacent to the sea.73
4370197805Dutch EmpireDominated by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Established Cape Town, New Amsterdam in Manhattan, Batavia on Java and displaced the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. Also had Ceylon and some colonies in the West Indies. Most wealth came from SE Asian spices and tea from plantations in Ceylon.74

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