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| 4372134825 | Industrial Revolution | A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s beginning with the textile industry. It began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world. |  | 0 |
| 4372142853 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Described in Wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith | 1 | |
| 4372147190 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. |  | 2 |
| 4372151794 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the driving force of historical change and development. |  | 3 |
| 4372157408 | socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 4 | |
| 4372157409 | Communism | A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state. | 5 | |
| 4372162587 | proletariat | Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society |  | 6 |
| 4372170112 | bourgeoisie | Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production. |  | 7 |
| 4372174894 | second industrial revolution | Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s. | 8 | |
| 4372177425 | factory system | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced the cottage industry |  | 9 |
| 4372187901 | fossil fuels | Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals. |  | 10 |
| 4372193933 | Opium Wars | Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes. |  | 11 |
| 4372197998 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | 12 | |
| 4372201587 | John Stuart Mill | Early liberal philosopher; promoted freedom and quality |  | 13 |
| 4372208019 | United Fruit Company | A company based in Guatemala that owned 90% of the land in the 1950s. They only used 20% of it, so the Guatemalan president forced them to sell the land. Because several members of the board were in Congress, they got the CIA involved in a coup. | 14 | |
| 4372215340 | gold standard | A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold - an example of expanding financial institutions in the 19th century. |  | 15 |
| 4372218654 | stock market | A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company; example of an expanding financial institution in the 19th century |  | 16 |
| 4372229352 | Utopian socialism | A philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. They hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively |  | 17 |
| 4372235362 | Marxism | Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle. | 18 | |
| 4372238727 | Meiji Restoration | when the Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown and replaced with a parliament-style government, returned power to the emperor, and started Japan on the road to Industrialization & Westernization |  | 19 |
| 4372256075 | Self-Strengthening Movement | A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways |  | 20 |
| 4372260720 | Boxer Rebellion | a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | 21 | |
| 4372272264 | Industrial-era reforms | state pensions and public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage (voting rights) in Great Britain, public education, sanitation reforms, increased workers rights (safer conditions, reduced hours) | 22 | |
| 4372281228 | Middle class | A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers; benefited most from the industrial revolution | 23 | |
| 4372287906 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. |  | 24 |
| 4372291419 | social Darwinism | 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society; used to justify the Scramble for Africa | 25 | |
| 4372301913 | Imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |  | 26 |
| 4372306426 | nationalism | A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals. |  | 27 |
| 4372311821 | Siam | Known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina. |  | 28 |
| 4372318581 | Enlightenment | An 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society | 29 | |
| 4372325711 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. |  | 30 |
| 4372331504 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers |  | 31 |
| 4372336744 | natural rights | Life, Liberty, and Property; everyone is born free and with certain rights that cannot be taken away | 32 | |
| 4372340769 | social contract | A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. | 33 | |
| 4372347303 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. A liberal document with ideas from the Enlightenment |  | 34 |
| 4372350758 | Declaration of the Rights of Citizen and Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution, 1789 |  | 35 |
| 4372354964 | Jamaica Letter | Written by Simone Bolivar, in this letter he argues that liberty should come to Latin America but before true freedom can be experienced, there should be a period of transition in which a dictator should rule. Was against mercantilism. | 36 | |
| 4372363764 | Spheres of Influence | Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China after the Opium Wars - a form of economic imperialism) | 37 | |
| 4372368998 | Abolition of slavery | 13th Amendment | 38 | |
| 4372368999 | End of Serfdom | Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865 | 39 | |
| 4372484283 | Ethnic enclave | a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger surrounding area |  | 40 |
