From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 11998185488 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 11998185489 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished |  | 1 |
| 11998185490 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies |  | 2 |
| 11998185491 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction |  | 3 |
| 11998185492 | Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture |  | 4 |
| 11998185493 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies |  | 5 |
| 11998185494 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |  | 6 |
| 11998185495 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 7 |
| 11998185496 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets |  | 8 |
| 11998185497 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king |  | 9 |
| 11998185498 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections |  | 10 |
| 11998185499 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. |  | 11 |
| 11998185500 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law |  | 12 |
| 11998185501 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs |  | 13 |
| 11998185502 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 14 |
| 11998185503 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 15 |
| 11998185504 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization |  | 16 |
| 11998185505 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script |  | 17 |
| 11998185506 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern |  | 18 |
| 11998185507 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization |  | 19 |
| 11998185508 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China |  | 20 |
| 11998185509 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty |  | 21 |
| 11998185510 | Paleolithic | The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. |  | 22 |
| 11998185511 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 23 | |
| 11998185512 | Eglitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 24 | |
| 11998185513 | Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations | new weapons modes of transportation | 25 | |
| 11998185514 | _____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods | New religious beliefs | 26 | |
| 11998185578 | Mediterranean Sea | Sea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa | 27 | |
| 11998185579 | Polytheism | Belief in more than one god | 28 | |
| 11998185580 | Nile River | Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process | 29 | |
| 11998185581 | history | the study of past events and changes in the development, transmission and transformation of cultural practices | 30 | |
| 11998185582 | stone age | the earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances | 31 | |
| 11998185583 | foragers | Food collectors who gather, fish, or hunt | 32 | |
| 11998185584 | city-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area | 33 | |
| 11998185585 | Babylon | an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice. | 34 | |
| 11998185586 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE) | 35 | |
| 11998185587 | scribe | a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper | 36 | |
| 11998185588 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 37 | |
| 11998185589 | bronze | A metal that is a mixture of copper and tin | 38 | |
| 11998185590 | paleolithic | stone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging | 39 | |
| 11998185591 | Homo sapiens | human species derived from apes with more brain capacity for intelligence | 40 | |
| 11998185592 | venus figurines | paleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with fecundity | 41 | |
| 11998185593 | cave paintings | paleolithic cave paintings that emphasize hunting--Lascaux France is most famous | 42 | |
| 11998185594 | pastoralism | the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals | 43 | |
| 11998185595 | specialization of labor | people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food | 44 | |
| 11998185596 | patriarchy | the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families | 45 | |
| 11998185597 | civilization | large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology | 46 | |
| 11998185598 | Euphrates and Tigris | two principle Mesopotamian rivers | 47 | |
| 11998185599 | Sumer | earliest Mesopotamian city state | 48 | |
| 11998185600 | Babylon | second oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi | 49 | |
| 11998185601 | Hammurabi's Code | first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing | 50 | |
| 11998185602 | bronze metallurgy | alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows | 51 | |
| 11998185603 | iron metallurgy | a changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites | 52 | |
| 11998185604 | wheel | round object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer | 53 | |
| 11998185605 | cuneiform | a very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay | 54 | |
| 11998185606 | Epic of Gilgamesh | epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization | 55 | |
| 11998185607 | Egypt | a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa | 56 | |
| 11998185608 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas) | 57 | |
| 11998185609 | Harrappa & Mohenjo Daro | Two early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning. | 58 | |
| 11998185610 | Indus River | River in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner | 59 | |
| 11998185611 | Vedas | A belief system based on the caste system brought into India by peoples probably from the Caucasus between about 5000 and 4000 BCE | 60 | |
| 11998185612 | Varna | Caste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the caste they were born into | 61 | |
| 11998185613 | China | earliest civilization in Asia | 62 | |
| 11998185614 | Huang He and Yangzi He | two rivers in China that supported early civilization | 63 | |
| 11998185615 | Shang Dynasty | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. | 64 | |
| 11998185616 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. | 65 | |
| 11998185617 | Zoroastrianism | Founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions. | 66 | |
| 11998185618 | Judaism | Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam. | 67 | |
| 11998185619 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 68 | |
| 11998185620 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule | 69 | |
| 11998185621 | Oracle bones | bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class | 70 | |
| 11998185622 | Mesoamerica | cultural area in the Americas extending from central America to present-day Peru | 71 | |
| 11998185623 | Olmec | the first major civilization in Mexico | 72 | |
| 11998185624 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization in and near the Yucatan Peninsula--had the first and only pre-Columbian writing system in the Americans | 73 | |
| 11998185625 | Chavin | Mesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices | 74 | |
| 11998185626 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) | 75 | |
| 11998185627 | irrigation systems | replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops | 76 | |
| 11998185628 | Indus River Valley Civilization | an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro | 77 | |
| 11998185629 | Persian Wars | a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. | 78 | |
| 11998185630 | Alexander the Great | United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire. | 79 | |
| 11998185631 | Socrates and Plato | Greek philosopher and his student | 80 | |
| 11998185515 | Mayas | A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization from before the birth of Jesus until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids. | 81 | |
| 11998185516 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 82 | |
| 11998185517 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 83 | |
| 11998185518 | Chinampas | floating gardens | 84 | |
| 11998185519 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 85 | |
| 11998185520 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 86 | |
| 11998185521 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 87 | |
| 11998185522 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 88 | |
| 11998185523 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | 89 | |
| 11998185524 | Kaaba | (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 90 | |
| 11998185525 | Mohammad | The Founder of Islam. Muslims believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet and that he received the word of God from the angel Gabriel. | 91 | |
| 11998185526 | 5 Pillars | make a declaration of faith, pray five times daily, give to charity, fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca | 92 | |
| 11998185527 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 93 | |
| 11998185528 | Umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan | 94 | |
| 11998185529 | Shari'a | the divine law, derived from the qur'an and the sunna, encompassing all and setting forth in detail how muslims are to live | 95 | |
| 11998185530 | Jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 96 | |
| 11998185531 | Sunni | one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam, a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad | 97 | |
| 11998185532 | Shi'ite | one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam; a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs | 98 | |
| 11998185533 | Dar al Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule | 99 | |
| 11998185534 | "people of the book" | what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god. | 100 | |
| 11998185535 | Caliph | Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims | 101 | |
| 11998185536 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 102 | |
| 11998185537 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 103 | |
| 11998185538 | Equal Field System | This Chinese system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs. | 104 | |
| 11998185539 | Empress Wu | the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. | 105 | |
| 11998185540 | Neo-Confucianism | The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. | 106 | |
| 11998185541 | Magnetic Compass | Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north | 107 | |
| 11998185542 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | 108 | |
| 11998185543 | Foot binding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household | 109 | |
| 11998185544 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 110 | |
| 11998185545 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 111 | |
| 11998185546 | Shogun | a hereditary military dictator of Japan | 112 | |
| 11998185547 | Daimyo | a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 113 | |
| 11998185548 | Samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 114 | |
| 11998185549 | Genin | one of Japan's lower classes; landless laborers who could be bought and sold like slaves | 115 | |
| 11998185550 | Shinto | A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits | 116 | |
| 11998185551 | Zen Buddhism | school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith | 117 | |
| 11998185552 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century. | 118 | |
| 11998185553 | Norman | belonging or relating to the people from northern France, especially those who invaded England in 1066 and became its rulers, or to the buildings which were made during their rule | 119 | |
| 11998185554 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 120 | |
| 11998185555 | Eastern Orthodoxy | Religion that rejects the authority of the pope, which is the main difference in religious and moral beliefs dividing it from Roman Catholicism | 121 | |
| 11998185556 | Roman Catholic Church | Tone of the three major branches of Christianity; arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions... centered in Rome | 122 | |
| 11998185557 | Pope | the head of the Roman Catholic Church | 123 | |
| 11998185558 | Patriarch | title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem) | 124 | |
| 11998185559 | Iconoclast Movement | Time when Christians objected to the practice of using images or icons in worship | 125 | |
| 11998185560 | Charlemagne | Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 | 126 | |
| 11998185561 | Serfs | men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection | 127 | |
| 11998185562 | Manor | A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord. | 128 | |
| 11998185563 | Fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service | 129 | |
| 11998185564 | Chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 130 | |
| 11998185565 | Monasticism | a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith (Monks) | 131 | |
| 11998185566 | Syncretism | a blending of two or more religious traditions | 132 | |
| 11998185567 | Guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. | 133 | |
| 11998185568 | Florence | Where the Renaissance began | 134 | |
| 11998185569 | Crusade | any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims | 135 | |
| 11998185570 | Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades | 136 | |
| 11998185571 | Black Plague | A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population and was carried by fleas. Because of this, the feudal system died out. | 137 | |
| 11998185572 | Hundred Years War | the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. | 138 | |
| 11998185573 | Anti-Semitism | prejudice against Jews | 139 | |
| 11998185574 | The Great Schism | two popes were chosen; divided europe; damaged church - people didn't know who to worship; ended with election of one new pope | 140 | |
| 11998185632 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 141 | |
| 11998185633 | Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth | 142 | |
| 11998185634 | Mandate of Heaven | belief that the ruler of China holds divinely granted authority as long as he rules well | 143 | |
| 11998185635 | Age of warring states | the long period of political chaos in China | 144 | |
| 11998185636 | Hinduism | A term used to describe the many varieties of Indian religion | 145 | |
| 11998185637 | Siddhartha Guatama | founder of Buddhism and was the Indian prince | 146 | |
| 11998185638 | Sparta | Who won the Peloponnesian War? | 147 | |
| 11998185639 | Hellenism | when a culture lives in imitation of Greek culture | 148 | |
| 11998185640 | tyrant | someone who seizes power and holds it in violation of the traditions of the community | 149 | |
| 11998185641 | Greece and Persia | Who fought against whom in the Persian War? | 150 | |
| 11998185642 | Alexandria | City, famous for its library, designed by Alexander the Great, in Egypt, on the Mediterranean | 151 | |
| 11998185643 | polis | when Greeks came together in city-states | 152 | |
| 11998185644 | Satrap | the governor of a province in the Persian empire | 153 | |
| 11998185645 | very suspicious; people thought that hey raised prices | Chinese view on merchants | 154 | |
| 11998185646 | Rome was never unified after their fall | difference between Rome and Han dynasty | 155 | |
| 11998185647 | Ashoka | known for erecting pillars | 156 | |
| 11998185648 | Mayans | built temples for rituals in Mesoamerica | 157 | |
| 11998185649 | Lao Tzu | founder of daoism | 158 | |
| 11998185650 | Daoism | A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature Balance between the sexes | 159 | |
| 11998185651 | Vedas | Hindu text that contributed to the caste system | 160 | |
| 11998185652 | fell in part because wealth was concentrated with a few | Han and Gupta both... | 161 | |
| 11998185653 | extreme brutality | Qin and Han both had... | 162 | |
| 11998185654 | Caste System | major difference of Hinduism and Buddhism | 163 | |
| 11998185655 | Confuianism, Hinduism, and Judaism | religions/ beliefs that each created guidelines and moral authority for cultures | 164 | |
| 11998185656 | Indian and Mayan | concept of 0 was in these 2 civilizations | 165 | |
| 11998185657 | Qin Empire | favored legalism, very harsh | 166 | |
| 11998185658 | father and son | most important relationship in Confucianism | 167 | |
| 11998185659 | 5 | number of divisions in the caste system (including untouchables) | 168 | |
| 11998185660 | Rome | relied most on slavery | 169 | |
| 11998185661 | Bantu people | had the features of common language and iron working in Africa | 170 | |
| 11998185662 | Ban Zhao | a Confucian writer who wrote "Lessons for Women" | 171 | |
| 11998185663 | Aspasia | A well-educated woman who helped shape Athenian politics as an advisor to Pericles. | 172 | |
| 11998185664 | Sparatacus | Thracian Gladiator who escaped slavery | 173 | |
| 11998185665 | Sparta | Greek city state that had more freedom for women | 174 | |
| 11998185666 | Slaves in Rome | 30-40% of Roman Population most likely pirates, captives of war, poor people | 175 | |
| 11998185667 | Chavin | located in South America, created a religious movement that spread throughout much of the Andes | 176 | |
| 11998185668 | Teotihuacan | greatest city in Mesoamerica | 177 | |
| 11998185669 | Zoroastrainism Christianity Judaism | 3 religions most prominent in Roman Empire | 178 | |
| 11998185670 | Patricians | upper class in Roman society | 179 | |
| 11998185671 | Plebians | lower class in Roman society | 180 | |
| 11998185672 | Bahgavad Gita | sacred text of Hinduism (poem) | 181 | |
| 11998185673 | Slaves, women, untouchables | the people in society Buddhism appealed to | 182 | |
| 11998185674 | Confucianism | emphasized education as the key to moral improvement thought the past was the golden age so we should strive to achieve it again | 183 | |
| 11998185675 | Buddhism | central teaching is that "life is suffering" | 184 | |
| 11998185676 | Legalism | belief that strong government is the key to sustain a strong empire used by Qin Shihuangdi to reunify China | 185 | |
| 11998185677 | Yahweh | God of Judaism acted within the historical process, consciously shaping the outcome of human events | 186 | |
| 11998185678 | Buddhism spread from its original homeland to become a world religion | difference between Zoroastrianism and Buddhism | 187 | |
| 11998185679 | not treated as equals, but still found more freedom and independence than was available elsewhere in Indian Society | women in Buddhism | 188 | |
| 11998185680 | Judaism | monotheistic believed that God was lofty and transcendent, existing far above the world of nature | 189 | |
| 11998185681 | Dao | Central object in doaism all life comes from it | 190 | |
| 11998185682 | Ancestor Veneration | The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China. supported by Confucians because it nurtured filial piety and provided a training ground for the reverence of the emperor | 191 | |
| 11998185683 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 192 | |
| 11998185684 | the idea that all embryos were basically male and that only weak semen generated female babies | Why did the status of women in India decline? | 193 | |
| 11998185685 | He was identified as the 9th incarnation of Vishnu, a deity who came to earth on a number of occasions to help humankind | How was the Buddha assimilated into Hindu religious tradition? | 194 | |
| 11998185686 | The Buddha rejected Hindu ideas that supernatural beings could help individuals develop spiritually | How did the Buddha's teaching challenge the Hindu thinking? | 195 | |
| 11998185687 | Wang Mang | High-ranking Chinese official who usurped the imperial throne in 8 C.E. divided up great private estates and gave them to small peasant farmers | 196 | |
| 11998185688 | Sudra | lowest ranking class in the caste system | 197 | |
| 11998185689 | Convicted Criminals and their families | Which type of slaves was confiscated by the early Han and sometimes sold to wealthy individuals | 198 | |
| 11998185690 | Subordination to her father, then her husband and finally her son | 3 obediences | 199 | |
| 11998185691 | India | ancient civilization where slavery was relatively small-scale and restrained, providing religious and legal protections for slaves and encouraging masters to free slaves | 200 | |
| 11998185692 | men play public and political roles, women play private and domestic roles | Confucius idea of men and women's roles | 201 | |
| 11998185693 | buy landed estates | How could merchants earn more respect in the early Han dynasty? | 202 | |
| 11998185694 | Jati | sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function | 203 | |
| 11998185695 | In Sparta women married men their own age | Difference between marriage in Sparta and Athens | 204 | |
| 11998185696 | they frequently, but not very successfully, opposed the accumulation of land into large estates | How did the Han dynasty react to the emergence of large estates controlled by wealthy landlords? | 205 | |
| 11998185697 | During times if upheaval | When were patriarchies least restrictive for women? | 206 | |
| 11998185698 | It made it easy to accommodate new peoples who arrived on the subcontinent | What was an effect of the caste system? | 207 | |
| 11998185699 | freed slaves became citizens | Distinct feature of Slavery in Rome | 208 | |
| 11998185700 | Wu Di | Chinese emperor who established an imperial academy where potential officials were trained as scholars on Confucian teachings | 209 | |
| 11998185701 | required becoming Chinese ethically, linguistically, and culturally | Chinese assimilation | 210 | |
| 11998185702 | It was suppressed with extreme violence some 6,000 slaves were nailed to crosses along the Appian Way from Rome to Capua | outcome of Sparatacus's slave revolt | 211 | |
| 11998185703 | Children of slaves were considered free | Feature of Slavery in the Aztec world | 212 | |
| 11998185704 | Haitian Slave Revolt of 1790s | slave revolt that sought to create a new society free of slavery | 213 | |
| 11998185705 | More than 80% | percent of Earth's population that lived in Eurasia | 214 | |
| 11998185706 | hallucinogenic drugs | important feature of Moche religion | 215 | |
| 11998185707 | Swahili | Bantu-speaking peoples who settled in East Africa | 216 | |
| 11998185708 | 1/2 a century of drought | What caused the Chaco Phenomenon to collapse around in the 12th century? | 217 | |
| 11998185709 | Spread widely along the North African coast and gained a permanent hold in what is now Ethiopia | Christianity in Africa during the second-wave era | 218 | |
| 11998185710 | The kingdom suffered severe deforestation because so much wood was used to smelt iron. | Important reason of the decline of Mero | 219 | |
| 11998185711 | A long-term drought | Leading reason for collapse of much of Maya Civilization in the 9th century | 220 | |
| 11998185712 | Chavín | provided for the 1st time a measure of economic ad cultural integration of the Peruvian Andes | 221 | |
| 11998185713 | Batwa | foraging people who live in the rain forest region of Central Africa | 222 | |
| 11998185714 | Ancestral Pueblo | gradually adapted agriculture, first lived in pit houses that gradually grew into larger settlements | 223 | |
| 11998185715 | Maya Civilization | civilization that developed over a long period of time | 224 | |
| 11998185716 | Tiwanaku | practiced raised field agriculture | 225 | |
| 11998185717 | Wari | employed an elaborate system of terracing irrigation | 226 | |
| 11998185718 | Peoples of the eastern woodlands of USA | semi-sedentary people, practicing light agriculture and building mounds that served as ritual centers | 227 | |
| 11998185719 | Africa's climate is mostly tropical, making the soil poorer and less fertile | African climate and agriculture compared to Eurasia | 228 | |
| 11998185720 | Mesoamerica was full of micro-climates that encouraged linguistic and ethnic diversity | factor of diversity in Mesoamerican civilizations | 229 | |
| 11998185721 | Cahokia was a much larger settlement | What distinguished the eastern woodland societies from their Chaco canyon counterparts? | 230 | |
| 11998185722 | altered trade routes which bypassed Axum diminished the revenue of the state | important factor in the collapse of the Axum state | 231 | |
| 11998185723 | The Greek political system | The Mayan political system most closely resembles | 232 | |
| 11998185724 | Cahokia | dominant center of the Mississippi Valley Mound Builder culture | 233 | |
| 11998185725 | Meroe | had a substantial amount of female rulers who had power and prominence comparable to their male counterparts | 234 | |
| 11998185726 | Mathematics capable of complex calculations | impressive cultural/ technological achievement of the Maya Civilization | 235 | |
| 11998185727 | Chavin Phenomenon | a religious movement that did not include political control in the Andes | 236 | |
| 11998185728 | Niger River Valley | cities formed in the region but without corresponding state structures | 237 | |
| 11998185729 | lack of critical local resources including iron ore | drove long-distance trade in the Niger River Valley civilization | 238 | |
| 11998185730 | Tikal | Mayan City where Teotihuacan engineered a coup | 239 | |
| 11998185731 | Mayan Agriculture | agriculture based around a complex water management system | 240 | |
| 11998185732 | Teotihuacan's use of writing was comparatively limeted when compared to the Maya | Difference between Teotihuacan and Maya | 241 |
