Period 1
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| 272286931 | to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments. | Humans used fire in new ways: Give examples | 0 | |
| 272286932 | kinship groups | Economic structures focused on small _________ of hunting/foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, not all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods. | 1 | |
| 272286933 | agriculture | In response to warming climates at the end of the last Ice Age, some groups adapted to the environment in new ways, while others remained hunter-foragers. The switch to _________created a more reliable, but not necessarily more diversified, food supply | 2 | |
| 272286934 | the environment, irrigation systems, domesticated animals | Agriculturalists also had a massive impact on _________ through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of ________, and through the use of ________ for food and for labor. | 3 | |
| 272286935 | Populations increased; family groups gave way to village life and, later, to urban life. Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. | Impacts of early agricultural societies | 4 | |
| 272286936 | Africa and Eurasia. | Pastoralism emerged in parts of ________ and ______. | 5 | |
| 272286937 | technological change | Pastoralists' mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for ___________ as they interacted with settled populations. | 6 | |
| 272294622 | erosion | Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to ________ when overgrazed. | 7 | |
| 272294623 | population | Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the _______ . | 8 | |
| 272294624 | specialization of labor | Surpluses of food and other goods led to _________, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites. | 9 | |
| 272294625 | elite groups, hierarchical | In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, ________ accumulated wealth, creating more ________ social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization. | 10 | |
| 272341017 | civilizations | From about 5,000 years ago, urban societies developed, laying the foundations for the first ________ . | 11 | |
| 272341018 | agricultural surpluses that permitted significant specialization of labor. cities and generated complex institutions, such as political bureaucracies, armies, and religious hierarchies. clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized long-distance trading relationships. Economic exchanges intensified within and between civilizations, as well as with nomadic pastoralists. As populations grew, competition for surplus resources, especially food, led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping. As civilizations expanded, they had to balance their need for more resources with environmental constraints such as the danger of undermining soil fertility. Finally, the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoralists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense. | While there were many differences between civilizations, they also shared important features: | 12 | |
| 272341019 | Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys, Egypt in the Nile River Valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley, Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Olmecs in Mesoamerica, Chavín in Andean South America | Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. Name some, | 13 | |
| 272341020 | mobilized | The first states emerged within core civilizations. States were powerful new systems of rule that ________ surplus labor and resources over large areas. | 14 | |
| 272341021 | divine or had divine support | Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be __________ and/or who was supported by the military. | 15 | |
| 272341022 | Hittites, territorial expansion | As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the_____________ , who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake_________ and conquer surrounding states. | 16 | |
| 272341023 | Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley | Early regions of state expansion or empire building were_______, _________ and ___________. | 17 | |
| 272341024 | developers and disseminators, new weapons and modes of transportation | Pastoralists were often the __________ and __________ of ____________ and _________________ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. | 18 | |
| 272351787 | Compound bows, Iron weapons. | example of new weapons: | 19 | |
| 272351788 | Chariots, Horseback riding. | Example of new modes of transportation: | 20 | |
| 272351789 | Monumental- Ziggurats, Pyramids, Temples, Urban- Defensive walls, Streets and roads, Sewage and water systems. | Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. give examples of both: | 21 | |
| 272351790 | Sculpture, Painting, Wall decorations, Elaborate weaving | Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. Give examples | 22 |
