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| 275345761 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh. He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk | 0 | |
| 275345762 | Alexander the Great | king of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 BC he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus valley, founded many Greek style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. | 1 | |
| 275345763 | Anasazi | Built homes on cliffs; Economy based on maize and squash; Astrological advancements; Quite advanced, large society; Most likely scenario was that the climate changed, so their society fell apart and they had to move. | 2 | |
| 275345764 | Aryas | relatively light-skinned speakers of Indo-European languages. They were pastoralist warriors who migrated into the Indus River Valley and then Ganges Plain, driving the Dasas into the southern part of the Peninsula. | 3 | |
| 275345765 | Ashoka | third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India. He converted to (Theravada) Buddhism and broadcasted his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Because of him, Buddhism became a world religion. (Literacy, laws) | 4 | |
| 275345766 | Assyrians | known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; used fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire; Ashurbanipal was their king | 5 | |
| 275345767 | Augustus | Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Precipate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After defeating all rivals, he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. | 6 | |
| 275345768 | Aztec | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. War was infused with religious meaning. Developed a remarkable urban landscape. Women held substantial power and exercised broad influence in Aztec society. When a male baby was born, his umbilica cord was buried on the battlefield and when a girl was born her umbilical cord was buried near the hearth. Military successes and territorial expansion allowed the warrior elite to seize land and peasant labor as spoils of war. Imposed a tribute system for economy. Religious ritual dominated public life in Tenochtitlan. | 7 | |
| 275345769 | Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. | 8 | |
| 275345770 | Constantine | Roman Emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity the favored religion. | 9 | |
| 275345771 | Cyrus | founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 BCE he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Irans and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. | 10 | |
| 275345772 | Dasas | dark-skinned speakers of Dravidian languages. They were considered inferior to Aryas who pushed them out of the Ganges Plain into the south. | 11 | |
| 275345773 | Genghis Khan | (Temujin) means "oceanic" or "universal leader." Founder of the Mongol empire; born Temujin. He took the name Genghis Khan ("ruler of all") in 1206 after uniting the nomadic Mongol tribes. When he died, his empire extended from China to the Black Sea. His grandson Kublai Khan completed the conquest of China. | 12 | |
| 275345774 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon. HE conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal classes. | 13 | |
| 275345775 | Herodotus | heir to the technique of historia developed by Greeks in the late archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, thus originating the western tradition of historical writing. | 14 | |
| 275345776 | Homer | ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey | 15 | |
| 275345777 | Hyksos | semetic people of SW asia who conquered and dominated Egypt for more that 100 years. Used horses, chariots, and bronze weapons. Significant advantage over egyptians | 16 | |
| 275345778 | Ivan III | prince of Moscow, established himself as an autocratic ruler in the late 1400s. Russian ruler who first used the term "tsar" | 17 | |
| 275345779 | Li Shimin | one of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor. He led the expansion of the empire into central Asia. Used many Sui governing practices | 18 | |
| 275345780 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of the Mali. His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediteranean world. He gave so much gold out that it became worthless. He also brought back scholars from all over the world and founded a major university. | 19 | |
| 275345781 | Maya | Mesomarican civilization concerntrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsual and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. It had major contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Cultural and architectural achievements were remarkable. City-states proliferated, and the most powerful cities controlled groups of smaller dependent cities and a broad agricultural zone by building impressive religious temples and by creating rituals that linked the power of kings to the gods. Typically, military forces fought to secure captives rather than territory. | 20 | |
| 275345782 | Minoans | prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium BCE. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. | 21 | |
| 275345783 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of Islam. Was said to be illiterate. | 22 | |
| 275345784 | Murasaki Shikibu | noblewoman who wrote "the tale of Genji." This said that women should have a general knowledge of several subject but should not specialize. | 23 | |
| 275345785 | Olmec | the first Mesoamerican civilization. Between 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intense agriculture, wide ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 24 | |
| 275345786 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attribution but died from the plague early in the war. | 25 | |
| 275345787 | Phoenicians | semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first Millenium BCE. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoencian merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, engaged in widespread commerce, and founded Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. | 26 | |
| 275345788 | Shi Huang-di | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire. He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, an forcible organization of labor from military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated. | 27 | |
| 275345789 | Solomon | David's son who was a great king. He built massive project in Israel including the Great Temple. His project cost the people a lot of money in taxes causing a division in Israel. | 28 | |
| 275345790 | Sumerians | people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic successors. | 29 | |
| 275345791 | Timur | member of a prominent family of the mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India. | 30 | |
| 275345792 | Toltec | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico that influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (Scholars speculate that they were originally a satellite population that Teotihuancan had placed on northern frontier to protect against the incursions of nomads; Created a state based largely on military power.) | 31 | |
| 275345793 | Varangians | Swedish Vikings who sailed across the Baltic and down Russia's rivers. Exchanged forest products and slaves for manufactured goods and coins. | 32 | |
| 275345794 | Zheng He | an Imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming Emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from SE Asia to Africa. | 33 | |
| 275345795 | Aqueducts | a conduit, either elevated or underground, that used gravity to carry water from a source to a location- usually a city- that needed it. Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization | 34 | |
| 275345796 | Bodhisattva | men and women who had achieved enlightenment and were on the threshold of nirvana but chose to be reborn into mortal bodies to help others along the path to salvation. | 35 | |
| 275345797 | Brahmins | highest rank in the Indian society. Consisted of priests and scholars. The priests taught that every living creature had an immortal essence: the atman, or "breath." Also, they controlled sacrifices, the essential ritual. | 36 | |
| 275345798 | Carthage | city located in present day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the 3rd century BCE. | 37 | |
| 275345799 | Chinampas | "floating gardens." Raised fields constructed along lake-shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural fiends. (Permitted year-round agriculture; Played crucial role in sustaining the region's growing population.) | 38 | |
| 275345800 | Constantinople | Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome | 39 | |
| 275345801 | Cuneiform | a system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of Western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. | 40 | |
| 275345802 | Dhow | Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian sea. | 41 | |
| 275345803 | Diaspora | Greek word meaning "dispersal," used to describe the communities for a given ethnic group living outside of their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world. | 42 | |
| 275345804 | Fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for LOYALTY AND SERVICE | 43 | |
| 275345805 | Flying Money | Song's idea of credit. It depended on the acceptance of guarantees that the paper could be redeemed for coinage at another location. | 44 | |
| 275345806 | Greece | a country in Mediterranean Europe; site of great ancient civilization | 45 | |
| 275345807 | Hagia Sophia | Byzantine's greatest monument. Built by Justinian | 46 | |
| 275345808 | Harappa | site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan) and may have been a center of the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran. and | 47 | |
| 275345809 | Mohenjo-Daro | largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning. | 48 | |
| 275345810 | Islam | religion expounded by the prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator God—Allah—who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives | 49 | |
| 275345811 | Junk | a very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Song, and Ming Empires, specially designed for long distance commercial travel. | 50 | |
| 275345812 | Kamikaze | the "divine wind" which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. | 51 | |
| 275345813 | Loess | fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile sooil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. | 52 | |
| 275345814 | ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinity created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. | 53 | |
| 275345815 | Madagascar | an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa | 54 | |
| 275345816 | Mahabharata | a vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavadgita | 55 | |
| 275345817 | Mesopotamia | land between the Tigris and Euphrates River. Sumerians and Semites lived here. (Code of Hammurabi). | 56 | |
| 275345818 | Muslim | an adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God (Islam means 'submission') | 57 | |
| 275345819 | Nanjing | a city in eastern China on the Yangtze River; former capital | 58 | |
| 275345820 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bone led to Chinese writing. | 59 | |
| 275345821 | Sahara | portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara | 60 | |
| 275345822 | Sahel | belt south of the Sahara, literally "coastland" in Arabic | 61 | |
| 275345823 | Satraps | the governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy. | 62 | |
| 275345824 | Senate | (Roman?) the governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy. | 63 | |
| 275345825 | Serfs | agricultural laborer legally bound to lord's property and supposed to perform set services for lord. Could not leave manor where they were born. | 64 | |
| 275345826 | Shari'a | law of Islam. Provides foundation of Islamic civilization | 65 | |
| 275345827 | The Iliad | story of the Trojan War, written by Homer | 66 | |
| 275345828 | The Tale of Genji | written by Murasaki Shibiku. Says women should have a general knowledge of several subject but should not specialize in one subject. | 67 | |
| 275345829 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. Founded by the taureg a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major terminus of the transSaharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 68 | |
| 275345830 | Tsar | from Latin "Caesar", this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III. | 69 | |
| 275345831 | Upanishads | a collection of more than one hundred mystical dialogues between teachers and disciples that reflect the questioning of the foundations of Vedic religion | 70 | |
| 275345832 | Vassal | Kings and lords gave land to vassals in return for sworn military support | 71 | |
| 275345833 | Vedic | (age) A period of history in India of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth: Period when Vedas (religious scriptures) were finally written and Hinduism emerged | 72 | |
| 275345834 | Anthropomorphism | The act of ascribing human attributes to deities. A common practice in ancient religions | 73 | |
| 275345835 | Assyrian Empire | this was destroyed by the Medes and the Chaldeans; ruled by king Ashurbanipal | 74 | |
| 275345836 | Byzantine Empire | name for eastern portion of Roman Empire. Maintained and reinterpreted Roman traditions. Authority of Byzantine emperors blended with influence of Christian church that helped shape emerging kingdom of Kievan Russia. Inherited robust and self-confident late Roman society and economy while western Europe could not achieve political unity and suffered severe economic decline. Established Christianity as official religion. | 75 | |
| 275345837 | Christianity | Early in the Pax Romana, Christianity was created in the Roman empire. Christanity grew rapidly and by A.D. 395, Christianity had been declared the official religion of the Roman empire. | 76 | |
| 275345838 | Civil Service Examinations | used during han dynasty and tang china, prepared young men for government service through confucianism | 77 | |
| 275345839 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 78 | |
| 275345840 | Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis of hierarchy and duty. | 79 | |
| 275345841 | Delhi Sultanate | centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. | 80 | |
| 275345842 | Democracy | system of government in which all citizens (all free adult males) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. | 81 | |
| 275345843 | Great Zimbabwe | city, now in ruins, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 82 | |
| 275345844 | Gupta Empire | a powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Advancement in math, astronomy, and science. Came up with the use of ZERO. Divided into theater-states. | 83 | |
| 275345845 | Han dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity | 84 | |
| 275345846 | Hellenistic Age | Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 BC, in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the 7th century CE. | 85 | |
| 275345847 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | in premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia | 86 | |
| 275345848 | Legalism | Philosophy that did not answer questions like the nature and purpose of life. The main contributor was Han Fei. | 87 | |
| 275345849 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects | 88 | |
| 275345850 | Mauryan Empire | first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 BC and survived until 184 BC. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture, iron mining, and control of trade routes. | 89 | |
| 275345851 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming Emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 90 | |
| 275345852 | Mongol Empire | The largest land empire ever created was ruled by Genghis Khan and the Mongols. It stretched from Asia to Eastern Europe. | 91 | |
| 275345853 | Neo-Confucianism | term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century | 92 | |
| 275345854 | Oligarchy | form of government in which a few people have the power | 93 | |
| 275345855 | Roman Republic | period in 507-31 BC. During which the aristocratic Roman Senate largely governed Rome. | 94 | |
| 275345856 | Silk Road | caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. | 95 | |
| 275345857 | Song Emprire | empire in central and southern China while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China while the Jin controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics | 96 | |
| 275345858 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. The emperors and nobility descended from the Turkic elites that built small states. They combined crossbow and armored infantrymen and horsemanship and iron stirrups. They were defeated by an Arab Muslim army. | 97 | |
| 275345859 | Umayyad caliphate | first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. Form their capital at Damascus; the Umayyads riled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by Abbasid Caliphate | 98 | |
| 275345860 | varna system | (In hindui India) four major social divisions: the Brahmin preist class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrative class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. Within the system of Varna are many jati, regional groups of people who have a common occupational sphere and who marry, eat, and generally interact with other members of their group | 99 | |
| 275345861 | Yuan Empire | empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. Destroyed S Song, attacked Annam | 100 | |
| 275345862 | Zoroastrianism | a religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemenids. It centered on a single benevolent deity, Ahura Mazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. It emphasized truth telling, purity, and reverence for nature. | 101 |
