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| 5753875504 | Paleolithic | "old stone age" | 0 | |
| 5753875505 | Neolithic Revolution | (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. | 1 | |
| 5753875506 | Civilization | A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes | 2 | |
| 5753875507 | Tigris-Euphrates civilization | This civilization was founded in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in a part of the Middle East long called Mesopotamia. It was one of the few cases of a civilization that started absolutely from scratch, with no examples to imitate. | 3 | |
| 5753875508 | Bronze Age | a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons | 4 | |
| 5753875509 | Nomads | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently | 5 | |
| 5753875510 | Slash and burn agriculture | a farming technique in which crops are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land | 6 | |
| 5753875511 | Huang He | Yellow river a major river of Asia in northern China | 7 | |
| 5753875512 | Catal Hüyük | One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions | 8 | |
| 5753875513 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials | 9 | |
| 5753875514 | Matrilineal | relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother | 10 | |
| 5753875515 | Qin | A dynasty that ruled China 221-206 bc and was the first to establish rule over a united China. The construction of the Great Wall of China was begun during this period. | 11 | |
| 5753875516 | Zhou | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC | 12 | |
| 5753875517 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization | 13 | |
| 5753875518 | Daoism | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 14 | |
| 5753875519 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | 15 | |
| 5753875520 | Analects | a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples | 16 | |
| 5753875521 | Legalism | A Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order | 17 | |
| 5753875522 | Era of Warring States | The period of Chinese history between c. 402 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.; regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty disentigrated. | 18 | |
| 5753875523 | Confucius | (551-479 BCE) Chinese philosopher, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi. | 19 | |
| 5753875524 | Untouchables | LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult | 20 | |
| 5753875525 | Dharma | Divine law | 21 | |
| 5753875526 | Mahabharata | A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature | 22 | |
| 5753875527 | Stupas | religious buildings that originally housed Buddha relics. Stupas developed into familiar Buddhist architecture | 23 | |
| 5753875528 | Mauryas | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great | 24 | |
| 5753875529 | Nirvana | Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated | 25 | |
| 5753875530 | Guptas | A Hindu dynasty established in ad 320 by Chandragupta I in Bihar. At one stage it ruled most of the north of the Indian subcontinent, but it began to disintegrate toward the end of the 5th century. | 26 | |
| 5753875531 | Sanskrit | A formal, literary, and administrative language in India | 27 | |
| 5753875532 | Ashoka | (r.268-232 BCE) The Mauryan emperor who can be compared to Constantine and who promoted Buddhism throught his empire | 28 | |
| 5753875533 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | 29 | |
| 5753875534 | Brahma | A member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. | 30 | |
| 5753875535 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 31 | |
| 5753875536 | Pericles | Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. | 32 | |
| 5753875537 | Punic wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 33 | |
| 5753875538 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful. | 34 | |
| 5753875539 | Socrates | (470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. | 35 | |
| 5753875540 | Doric, Ionian, Corinthian | distinct styles of Hellenic architecture | 36 | |
| 5753875541 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end | 37 | |
| 5753875542 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate | 38 | |
| 5753875543 | Polis | A city-state in ancient Greece | 39 | |
| 5753875544 | Twelve Tables | Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C. | 40 | |
| 5753875545 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. | 41 | |
| 5753875546 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 42 | |
| 5753875547 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. | 43 | |
| 5753875548 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 44 | |
| 5753875549 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 45 | |
| 5753875550 | Mahayana | "the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas | 46 | |
| 5753875551 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life | 47 | |
| 5753875552 | Syncretism | A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith. | 48 | |
| 5753875553 | Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism. | 49 | |
| 5753875554 | Beoudin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 50 | |
| 5753875555 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 51 | |
| 5753875556 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 52 | |
| 5753875557 | Ka'ba | ("cube") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage | 53 | |
| 5753875558 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 54 | |
| 5753875559 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community | 55 | |
| 5753875560 | Caliph | The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. | 56 | |
| 5753875561 | Umma | A community of those who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie | 57 | |
| 5753875562 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 58 | |
| 5753875563 | Dhimmis | A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society | 59 | |
| 5753875564 | Quraysh | A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born | 60 | |
| 5753875565 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 61 | |
| 5753875566 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 62 | |
| 5753875567 | Baghdad | Abbasid capital | 63 | |
| 5753875568 | Saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 64 | |
| 5753875569 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. | 65 | |
| 5753875570 | Rajas | Term used for Hindu kings | 66 | |
| 5753875571 | Sati | Sati refers to the obsolete Indian funeral custom where a widow was expected to immolate herself on her husband's pyre, or committed suicide in | 67 | |
| 5753875572 | Mahgrib | the region of northwest Africa comprising the Atlas Mountains and the coastlands of Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia | 68 | |
| 5753875573 | Sudanic States | states trading to North Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways;. | 69 | |
| 5753875574 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 70 | |
| 5753875575 | Sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 71 | |
| 5753875576 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 72 | |
| 5753875577 | Hausa States | states, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs. | 73 | |
| 5753875578 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. | 74 | |
| 5753875579 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 75 | |
| 5753875580 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 76 | |
| 5753875581 | East Africa trading ports | Urbanized commercial trading centers mixing African and Arab cultures, includes Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, pate and Zanzibar | 77 | |
| 5753875582 | Islamization | The spread of the Islamic faith across the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa. | 78 | |
| 5753875583 | Axum | A civilization that rose after the Kush decline around 200 CE. Formed in modern-day Ethiopia. Never conquered any other civilzation, and was instead a place of trade. Converted to Christianity later on and then to Islam. | 79 | |
| 5753875584 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 80 | |
| 5753875585 | Icons | A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches. | 81 | |
| 5753875586 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 82 | |
| 5753875587 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments | 83 | |
| 5753875588 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 84 | |
| 5753875589 | Boyars | Land owning aristocracy in early Russia. | 85 | |
| 5753875590 | Sassanian Empire | (227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion. | 86 | |
| 5753875591 | Cyrillic Alphabet | An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius | 87 | |
| 5753875592 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E. | 88 | |
| 5753875593 | Vikings | A group that traded and raided Europe throughout the 800s. Traveled as far as North America. | 89 | |
| 5753875594 | Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe | 90 | |
| 5753875595 | Magna Carta | (1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom | 91 | |
| 5753875596 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 92 | |
| 5753875597 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. | 93 | |
| 5753875598 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 94 | |
| 5753875599 | Wendi | Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty | 95 | |
| 5753875600 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. | 96 | |
| 5753875601 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 97 | |
| 5753875602 | Empress Wu | She led the Tang Dynasty (625-705 AD); Only women emperor of China; powerful and cruel, along with talented and intelligent | 98 | |
| 5753875603 | Neo-Confucianism | A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. | 99 | |
| 5753875604 | Jin Kingdom | Kingdom north of the song empire. Established by the Jurchens after overthrowing Liao Dynasty; ended in 1234 | 100 | |
| 5753875605 | Changan | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any contemporary world city. (modern day Xian—home of terra cotta warriors) | 101 | |
| 5753875606 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 102 | |
| 5753875607 | Kami | "divine wind" | 103 | |
| 5753875608 | Middle Kingdom | 104 | ||
| 5753875609 | Shintoism | A religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors | 105 | |
| 5753875610 | Tale of the Genji | The world's first novel written by Lady Murasaki about the amorous affairs of a Japanese prince. | 106 | |
| 5753875611 | Tribute system | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor | 107 | |
| 5753875612 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun. | 108 | |
| 5753875613 | Heian | (794-1185 AD) capital was moved to Heian-kyo; Japanese culture flourished, but local aristocratic families began to take on more authority; to keep peace and order, samurai were developed and served local aristocrats | 109 | |
| 5753875614 | Kamakura | (1192-1333 AD) military government founded under Minamoto Yoritomo to create a more centralized government to strengthen the state of Japan | 110 | |
| 5753875615 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 111 | |
| 5753875616 | Karakorum | Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227. | 112 | |
| 5753875617 | Golden Horde | A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia. | 113 | |
| 5753875618 | Chabi | Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese. | 114 | |
| 5753875619 | Kuriltai | Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected | 115 | |
| 5753875620 | Khanates | One of the several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons. | 116 |
