Mr. Dailey's AP World History Class Semester 2 Final.
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| 4509104147 | King Edward | - Britain (Angelo-Saxon): King of the Angles and Saxons, - Names Harold the new king on while on his deathbed | 0 | |
| 4509106103 | King Harold | - Britain (Angelo-Saxon): brother-in-law to King Edward, - Named King after Edward dies | 1 | |
| 4509106104 | Duke William | - Britain - Also known as William the Conqueror - Duke of Normandy - Wanted Britain, - 1066: defeated Harold's army and slaughtered him. - Ordered a census, Doomsday Book, for paying taxes, took 6 months | 2 | |
| 4509158266 | Doomsday Book | - A census ordered by William the Conqueror - For paying taxes - Call Doomsday book because no matter how well you hid, they would find you and you would be taxed - Took 6 months | 3 | |
| 4509194106 | Investiture | - The power to appoint bishops | 4 | |
| 4509106161 | King Henry ll | - Britain - Starts as a reformer, created trial by jury, wanted to consolidate power of central government - Wanted to tax the royal clergy and investiture (power to appoint new bishops) - "...will no one rid me of this turbulent priest!" [about Becket] 4 knights go and murder Becket on December 29th, 1170 - Ruined politically form this | 5 | |
| 4509107211 | Thomas Becket | - Britain: good friend of King Henry ll - 1162: appointed Archbishop of Canterbury - Murdered on December 29th, 1170 - Revered as a martyr | 6 | |
| 4509126612 | King John | - Britain: 1 of the 3 sons of Henry ll - Considered one of the worst monarchs - Fights a war with King Phillip ll of France and loses, losing the region of Normandy - Want power of investiture, fights with Pope Innocent lll - He is eventually excommunicated - He continued to fight for investiture, and then England is placed under Interdiction - Eventually is lifted. - Kept raising taxes for the noble class, they uprise against John and make him sign the "Magna Carta"- The Great Charter. Even the King is not above law. (1215) | 7 | |
| 4509174763 | Magna Carta | - Document created after King John kept raising taxes for the noble class and they started an uprising against John - Written by the noble class and forced King John to sign it - Literally means: "The Great Charter" - Sates that even the King is not above law. (1215) | 8 | |
| 4509127623 | Pope Innocent ll | - Britain - Considered a great Pope - Puts King John I his place by excommunicating him - Eventually placed England under interdiction for King John's actions - After time, he does remove it | 9 | |
| 4509129853 | King Philip ll | - France: considered the greatest of the Capetian dynasty (1180-1223) - Forms very close alliances with the Catholic Church - Most powerful monarch in all of Europe by death in 1223 | 10 | |
| 4509131440 | King Louis lX | - France: Grandson of King Philip ll - Strengthens central government by expanding royal court - Destroys many feudalist traditions within France by outlawing serfdom and private wars between lords - Continues defending Catholic Church - Persecuted non-christians within France | 11 | |
| 4509135710 | King Phillip lV | - France: Grandson of King Louis lV - Establishes State Legislature, Estates General - Wants power total French clergy - Struggles with Pope Boniface Vlll about taxing. - After Boniface's death, Papel court is,over to Avignon in France - 1309-1377, 7 popes rule in Avignon, known as the Babylonian (Avignon) Captivity of Papacy | 12 | |
| 4509139769 | Pope Boniface Vlll | France: struggles with King Philip IV After death, Papel court moved to Avignon in France. | 13 | |
| 4509140462 | King Henry IV | - Holy Roman Empire (Germany): struggles with Pope Gregory VII over investiture - Is excommunicated, waits 3 days with "feet in he snow" for an audience with the Pope. Pope eventually forgives him. - Is present at the Concordat Of Worms | 14 | |
| 4509147821 | Pope Gregory Vll | - Holy Roman Empire (Germany) - Struggles with Henry IV about investiture - Centralized power of the church - Says that cannon law is supreme to other law, papacy can be judged by no one, pop has the sole power of investiture - Eventually has to excommunicate Henry IV. Does eventually meet with him and forgive him. - Is present at the Concordat of Worms. | 15 | |
| 4509150531 | Concordat of Worms | - A conference between the church and political leaders. - Only church had investiture power - Kings and emperors have ability to invest bishops with land, honorary titles, etc. - Still issues over investiture. -Pope Gregory Vll and Henry IV are present | 16 | |
| 4509061801 | Charlemagne | - 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. - Great advocate for the Pope and fought against the Muslim Moors in Spanish territory - He was known as Charles the Great, he ruled most of what is now France and Germany. - He united tribes in Central and Western Europe into 1 empire. - He helped people see themselves as Europeans not as tribes. |  | 17 |
| 4509061803 | Feudalism | - The political and social hierarchy that included landlords, vassals, and serfs. - Created by exchanging grants of lands (fiefs) in return for formal, written oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service - Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords (vassals) in return for military service. - Lords provided protection for serfs; serfs provided service for lords. |  | 18 |
| 4509061804 | Gothic architecture | - Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe - Featured: • stained-glass windows • flying buttresses, • tall spires, • pointed arches |  | 19 |
| 4509061806 | The Hundred Years War | - A war fought between England and France over lands England possessed in France and feudal relationships. (1337-14543) |  | 20 |
| 4509061807 | Thomas Aquinas | - Maintained the basic belief that faith comes first; yet greatly expanded the eye given to reason. |  | 21 |
| 4509061808 | scholasticism | - The use of logic to resolve theological (religious) problems. |  | 22 |
| 4509277746 | Guilds | - They were established during the 14th and 15th centuries - Were associations of craftsmen within a craft, who controlled their practice in their towns - They had begun to form for the protection of commerce against the feudal governments. | 23 | |
| 4509061810 | Crusades | - A series of military adventures initially launched by Pope Urban ll and other western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims - It temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, but was later taken back by the Muslims - Most were considered failures, with one even ending in the sacking of the city of Constantinople - Another never even made it to Jerusalem (Originally led by King Charles ll, King Barbosa, and King Richard) until Barbosa drowned and Charles abandoned Richard |  | 24 |
| 4509061812 | Joan of Arc | - A French military leader of the fifteenth century -She was a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne - She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices, which eventually led to her trial and her execution by burning at the stake - She is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church |  | 25 |
| 4509061813 | Justinian | - Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE - He tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire - Issued most famous compilation of Roman law |  | 26 |
| 4509061814 | Battle of Tours | - Muslim expansion into Europe was stopped by Charles Martel in 732CE |  | 27 |
| 4509061824 | Byzantine Empire | - (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire - It survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E - Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. |  | 28 |
| 4509061825 | Fall of Rome | - Caused the Middle Ages to begin - Meant that there was no centralized government to protect citizens and provide services |  | 29 |
| 4509061826 | Black Plague | - A disease carried by fleas on rats that traveled to Europe from Asian trade ships - The Plague engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages - It killed about 1/3 of the population - This caused the feudal system died out and the middle ages to end. |  | 30 |
| 4509332767 | Origins of Universities | - A form of European higher education, which took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools, in which monks and nuns taught classes - Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries - Charlemagne realized that his empire needed a body of educated people if it was to survive, and he turned to the Church as the only source of such education. He issued a decretal the every cathedral and monastery was to establish a school to provide a free education to every boy who had the intelligence and the perseverance to follow a demanding course of study. | 31 | |
| 4509332768 | Divine Comedy | - Also known as Dante's Inferno - An epic poem by Dante Alighieri - It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature - The poem's imaginative vision of the afterlife is representative of the medieval world-view as it had developed in the Western Church by the 14th century - The poem describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise or Heaven | 32 | |
| 4509332769 | Tales of Canterbury | - As a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines -Written by Geoffrey Chaucer in vernacular English - Uses irony and criticizes English society at the time, and particularly of the Church | 33 | |
| 4509348045 | humanism | - Was a movement in Renaissance Europe, celebrating human potential and achievement and stressing the study of objects such as history, grammar, literature, and philosophy. | 34 | |
| 4509353837 | Renaissance | - Was a period of rebirth and creativity in art, writing, and thought from about A.D. 1300 to 1600, beginning in Italy and eventually spreading throughout Europe - Started by wealthy families in Florence, Italy - Namely the Medici family, who were patrons for artists (provided financial backing for art) | 35 | |
| 4509355988 | William Shakespeare | - The most famous English writer of the Renaissance, best known for his plays Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. | 36 | |
| 4509358577 | Leonardo da Vinci | - He was an Italian Renaissance painter - He was born in a.d. 1452 - He painted many masterpieces, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper - Also excelled in scientific research | 37 | |
| 4509356806 | Michelangelo | - He an Italian Renaissance artist, born in a.d. 1475, who worked mainly as a sculptor - He also painted such famous works as the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome | 38 | |
| 4509458288 | Merchant Class of the Middle Class | - The Crusades opened up trade to the Muslim world and through them to India and China. -That meant access to silk and spices that no one in Europe had. - It also meant that suddenly everyone in Europe wanted what the merchant class had - Nobles and kings, wanting the riches of the Orient, gave the merchant class money, animals, and even land in payment. | 39 | |
| 4509471339 | The Reconquista | - Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille are married in 1469 - Marriage leads to a permanent Union of the most powerful kingdoms of Spain - Muslim Moors had ruled since early 8th century - Victory at Granada (1492) is a defeat for the Muslim Moors - Religious minorities are persecuted. | 40 | |
| 4509476051 | Prince Henry | Portuguese explorer: -Also known as Henry the Navigator -Establishes navigational school in Sagres -he was part of the royal family, so money was no problem for his expeditions | 41 | |
| 4509477906 | Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer: - Searches for the first all-water route to the east - makes it to Southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) | 42 | |
| 4509479968 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer: - Follows same voyage as Dias - Reaches the Cape of Africa, and continues north and scales the east side of Africa - Took 10 months to cross Indian Ocean - 1st to reach India by all-water route | 43 | |
| 4509481307 | Christopher Columbus | Spanish explorer: - Actually Italian, believes he can reach India by sailing west - Voyage begins August 3rd 1492 and won't reach land until October 12th - Actually ends up in Caribbean Sea region, but he believes he's landed somewhere off the coast of India (the "Indies") - Names the island "discovery", actually San Salvador - Future voyages actually reveal the truth org he islands | 44 | |
| 4509495373 | Amerigo Vespucci | Spanish explorer: - Italian and explorer/cartographer - America is derived from his name | 45 | |
| 4509496893 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer: - First to cross the Hhmus of Panama (1513) - Pacific Ocean | 46 | |
| 4509498326 | Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish explorer: - First successful circumnavigation (technically his crew) -he is killed in the Philippines before the voyage was completed | 47 | |
| 4509500723 | Origins of the Protestant Reformation | 15 century: - Roman Catholic Church is extremely wealthy and also EXTREMELY CORRUPTED, so individuals begin calling for reform. | 48 | |
| 4509503536 | Indulgences | - Good works from Catholic Church, and they could be granted for saying a certain prayer, a pious act, or making pilgrimage. - It was conceptual, the grants coming from the Treasury of Merits (Jesus, Mary, Saints, etc) - The Church abused this idea by making people purchase them | 49 | |
| 4509508565 | Martin Luther | - German man with an average background - He initially pursued a career in law - He later has a life changing experience: caught in a violent storm and bargains with God to spare him - He survives and becomes a pious man, joining the Order of Armalite Augustinians - He becomes consumed with the idea of salvation and follows a life of constant prayer, meditation, confession, penance, and even self-mutilation - Makes a pilgrimage to Rome in 1510 and is astounded at the corruption of the clergy - He is first of student at the University of Wittenberg, then becomes a professor of theological studies - John Tetzel, a professional indulgence "salesman," arrives arrives in Wittenberg (hometown of Martin Luther) fall of 1517. He makes money in order to fund Pope Leo X and his construction of St. Peter's Basilica. -Luther is completely opposed to the practice of indulgences -He write 95 arguments against indulgences and various other church corruptions (95 Theses) - Luther posts it on the church door (community bulletin board) in the evening of October 31st 1517 - People read it November 1st morning - 95 Theses spread very quickly and becomes very controversial via printing press | 50 | |
| 4509517172 | The 95 Theses | - Is a reform doctrine that calls for debate of issues | 51 | |
| 4509513798 | Church's Reaction to Martin Luther | - Church orders Luther to recant (take it back) and he refuses - Writes the "Address to the Christian Nobility" in response - Luther is protected by Prince Frederick lll (Duke of Saxony) | 52 | |
| 4509523472 | Main Ideas of Martin Luther | - Salvation is achieved through faith and faith alone (good works are not needed) - Rejects the idea of the papacy and clergy having special powers - Rejects 5 of the 7 Sacraments, only Baptism & Eucharist - wants church to ban indulgence - wants church to permit clergy to marry - wants church to end the elaborate rituals associated with Mass | 53 | |
| 4509526354 | Spread of Luther's Ideas | - 95 Theses spread very quickly and becomes very controversial via printing press - The printing press allows more quantities of a work to be made in a much smaller amount of time, making the work cheap and available | 54 | |
| 4509532498 | The Peace of Ausbury | - The Holy Roman Emperor says that individual German rulers with decide the religious faith for their kingdoms | 55 | |
| 4509535082 | John Calvin | - A man from the Netherlands - Beliefs: • The bible was the only source of religious truth • Even greater simplification of religious rituals • Salvation is predetermined - Huguenots are French followers of Calvin | 56 | |
| 4509540497 | Origins of the Counter-Reformation | - Was a response to the Protestant Reformation by the Church - As a result of this: • Piety, charity- religious art flourished • Protestant tide halted • Religious minorities are persecuted | 57 | |
| 4509544767 | Ignatius of Loyola/Jesuits | - He founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540 - The Society of Jesus was a strict program with moral and spiritual discipline: • Rigorous training (absolute obedience to the Church) • They were used to be advisors to Catholic rulers • They established schools • taught humanist and Catholic beliefs • enforced obedience and discipline • They embarked on a crusade (missionary work) | 58 | |
| 4509555282 | The Inquisition | - Secret testimony, torture and execution group in the Church court - Created to stamp out heresy - Had an index of forbidden boks | 59 | |
| 4509563843 | Witch hunts | - Started as a combination of Judeo-Christian beliefs in superstition and folklore - Tens of thousands were executed from 1450 to 1750 - Most were German women, widows or "independent" - social environmental conditions can also play a part, like poverty, famine, etc. | 60 | |
| 4509568639 | The Scientific Revolution | Most people combines religious faith and belief in supernatural forces from Dark Ages in Middle Ages. But people questioned that what if the workings of the universe can be explained by natural causes? | 61 | |
| 4509570558 | Nicolaus Copernicus | - A Polish man - In 1543, he was first to propose a Heliocentric view of the universe - However, Geocentric view was commonly accepted to this point | 62 | |
| 4509571430 | Galileo | - Proves heliocentric theory as scientific fact - put on trial by Inquisition and condemned, placed under "house arrest" | 63 | |
| 4509573910 | Sir Isaac Newton? | - 1687 - British man, formulates the Gravitational Law and 3 Laws of Motion - Asserts that mathematical laws govern the universe | 64 | |
| 4509573911 | Sir Francis Bacon? | - 1620 - British man, considered the Father of Scientific Methodology | 65 | |
| 4509579138 | Scientific Methodology | - observation, experimentation, analysis | 66 | |
| 4509594192 | War of Roses | - Houses of Lancaster (red rose) vs House of York (white rose) - Richard lll (York) ascends to the throne through brother's death and considered illegitmate - Richard killed at the Battle of Bosworth field - Henry Tudor leads the army of the House of Lancaster - The Lancaster House is victorious, but Henry is a Tudor - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry Vll and establishes Tudor family dynasty, "Tudor Rose" (1485) | 67 | |
| 4509596913 | Richard lll | - Of the York house - He ascends to the throne through brother's death - Considered illegitimate through "disappearance" of two nephews - He most likely had them imprisoned in Tower of London and then possibly murdered - He was one of the most despised monarchies in all British history | 68 | |
| 4509594193 | House of Lancaster | - House in Britain - Participated in the War of Roses - They won (but do not take throne) - Red Rose | 69 | |
| 4509594194 | House of York | - House that King Richard is from - Originally ruled over Britain - Fought in the War of Roses - They lost - White Rose | 70 | |
| 4509598493 | Henry Vll Tudor | - He leads the army of the House of Lancaster - The Lancaster House is victorious, but he is a Tudor - Becomes King and establishes Tudor family dynasty, "Tudor Rose" (1485) - Has 2 sons, Arthur and Henry Vlll - Forms alliance with Ferdinand an Isabella of Spain by having Arthur marry Catherine of Aragon - Arthur is married at 15 years old to princess Catherine of Aragon, yet Arthur dies a few months later - The other brother, Henry, marries older brother's widow in order to maintain Spanish-British alliance - Had to receive a papal dispensation for marriage from Church - Henry ascends to the throne in 1509, becoming Henry Vlll | 71 | |
| 4509598494 | Henry Vlll | - Henry ascends to the throne in 1509, becoming King Henry Vlll - Had to marry Catherine of Aragon (older brother's widow) in order to maintain Spanish-British alliance - Has six wives • Catherine of Aragon • Ann Boelyn • Lady Jane Seymour • Ann of Cleves • Catherine Howard • Catherine Parr - Creates the Anglican Church (Church of England) through the Act of Supremacy and acts as its first ruler - Has only one male heir, Edward Vl - Has two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth | 72 | |
| 4509599834 | Catherine of Aragon | - Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain - Married to Arthur Tudor for form Spanish-British alliance - Arthur dies, and is married to Henry Vlll instead to maintain the alliance - In 18 years of marriage, gives birth to 6 children, yet only one survived, daughter Mary (Future Queen Mary l) - After Anglican church is formed by Henry Vlll, she is divorced and goes back to Spain | 73 | |
| 4509654625 | Act of Supremacy | - Henry is furious by Pope Clement Vll's decision - He decides to break England from Catholic Church - Forms Anglican Church (Church of England) and it also makes King of England leader of the Church of England - Sir Thomas More (one of Henry's top advisers) opposed the act - More is executed and replaced by Thomas Granmer, who supports it | 74 | |
| 4509603457 | Henry Vlll vs Charles V (Pope Clement Vll) | - In 18 years of marriage, Catherine gives birth to 6 children, yet only one survived, daughter Mary (Future Queen Mary l) - Henry wants a male heir to the throne - He asks Pope Clement Vll for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine since he so vigorously defended the Catholic Church - Pope Clement Vll torn between Charles V (king of Spain and holy roman emperor) and Henry Vlll (British vs Spanish alliances) - Also Charles V is the nephew of Catherine of Aragon - Pope chooses Spain, and refuses Henry's request for an annulment | 75 | |
| 4509603458 | Sir Thomas More | - He one of Henry's top advisers - Was opposed to the Act of Supremacy - Execute and replaced by Thomas Granmer | 76 | |
| 4509604616 | Thomas Cramer | - Replaces Sir Thomas More - Was a supporter of the Act of Supremacy | 77 | |
| 4509599835 | Ann Boelyn | - Britain - Henry Vlll had become infatuated with Catherine's lady in waiting, who was Ann Boleyn - He marries Ann in 1538 and she becomes pregnant to daughter Elizabeth - 3 miscarriages follow - Henry Vlll is impatient, wants a male heir - He arrests Ann for infidelity, treason, and incest and it eventually convicted and executed for those "crimes" | 78 | |
| 4509600833 | Jane Seymour | - Britain - During Henry Vlll's marriage to Ann Boleyn, he had become infatuated with Ann Boleyn's lady in waiting who was Lady Jane Seymour - Jane gives birth to only one son, Edward Vl - She died shortly after birth | 79 | |
| 4509681205 | Ann of Cleves | - German Princess - It was a politically arranged marriage - Marriage only lasted 6 months - In the meantime, Henry had become infatuated with another woman | 80 | |
| 4509681996 | Catherine Howard | - Lady in Waiting for Ann of Cleves - Henry had become infatuated her during his marriage to Ann of Cleves - Catherine would later be charged with treason and infidelity - There is actually evidence of Catherine Howard having an affair - She was executed | 81 | |
| 4509683189 | Catherine Parr | - 6th wife of Henry Vlll - Catherine outlives Henry, who died in 1547 | 82 | |
| 4509702076 | Edward Vl | - Son of Lady Jane Seymour - Only 9 years old when crowned king - Died in 1533 while still a teenager (Scarlet Fever) - Half-sister May ascends to the throne | 83 | |
| 4509702077 | Queen Mary l | - Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry Vlll - Raised Catholic by Catherine of Aragon in Spain - Attempts to return Britain to Catholic state - Persecutes Anglican leaders arrests, fortune, and execution - Becomes known and Bloody Mary - She also imprisons her half sister, Elizabeth - First in the Tower of London, later under "house arrest" at the royal estate in Woodstock - Elizabeth is Anglican, Mary also sees her as a threat - Is married to Catholic Phillip ll of Spain - Mary only ruled for 5 years (1553-1558), died during an influenza epidemic | 84 | |
| 4509705741 | Queen Elizabeth l | - Daughter of Ann Boelyn and King Henry Vlll - Imprisoned by her half-sister, Queen Mary l - First in the Tower of London, later under "house arrest" at the royal estate in Woodstock - She is Anglican, Mary also sees her as a threat - She becomes Queen and rules Britain for next 45 years - She rejects the marriage proposal from King Phillip ll and remains single throughout her reign, is called the "Virgin Queen" | 85 | |
| 4509713442 | King Phillip ll | - Son of Charles V ascends to the throne when Charles V left to join a monastery - Rules Spain 1556-1598 - Married to Mary l (Britain) and like Mary, is a devout Catholic - Upon Mary's death, he proposes marriage to Elizabeth - Elizabeth rejects proposal | 86 | |
| 4509722685 | Defeat of the Spanish Armada | - 1588 - Elizabeth firmly established an Anglican State - Philip is a devout Catholic, Spain predominantly Catholic also - Spanish treasure ship, coming back from "New World" became target for British pirates -Francis Drake becomes most notorious of the "Sea Dogs" - Philip demands that Elizabeth arrest, try, convict, and execute Drake - Elizabeth knights Drake instead - Philip decides to launch an invasion on Britain - Spanish Armada is the largest and best navy in the world: 150 ships, 2,500 pieces of artillery, 20,000 men - As Spanish Armada enters the English Channel, a violent thunderstorm strikes - Greatest strength of the Armada is their formation - Smaller and quicker British ships now able to pick Spanish Armada apart - Most of the Spanish Armada destroyed - Makes an important transition in history of Western Europe. Rise of Britain as premier power in Europe and the decline of Spain | 87 | |
| 4509726377 | Sir Francis Drake | - Becomes most notorious of the "Sea Dogs" - Philip demands that Elizabeth arrest, try, convict, and execute him - Elizabeth knights him instead | 88 | |
| 4509729282 | Edict of Nantes | - Issued by Henry lV (a Bourbon king who converts to Catholicism) - 1598 - It allows religious tolerance within France | 89 | |
| 4509738096 | King Louis XlV | - French King - Assumes throne when 5 years old in 1643 - During his 72 year reign, France becomes a premier power in Europe - Believed VERY strongly in divine right (unquestioned obedience from all of his subjects) - Becomes known as the "sun king" (Earth revolves around the sun :: everything revolves around him) - French army becomes biggest and possibly best in Europe (300,000 soldiers) - He appoints Jean-Baptist Colbert to help the French economy (renewed commitment to agriculture, business, and industry grow to high tariffs) - Orders construction of Versailles Palace, which is located just miles outside Paris (symbol of monarch's triumph over nobility) - Goal is to make Versailles the most magnificent palace in the world - "L'état, c'est moi" - I am the State | 90 | |
| 4509741823 | English Civil War (1642-1649) | - Cavaliers: Supporters of the King (Charles l, a Stuart) - Roundheads: Supporters of Parliament (also Puritans) - New Model army led by Oliver Cromwell becomes disciplined Puritan based, fighting force - Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers, Charles l captured - Charles l becomes the first ruling monarch to be execute by his own people | 91 | |
| 4509754307 | King Charles l (Stuart) (Britain) | - Takes throne after James l, who took the throne after being King of Scotland when Queen Elizabeth died and had no heit - A believer in Divine Right - Only convenes Parliament when he needs additional funding - Parliament passes his tax increase in 1628 but also tries to get him to sign the Petition of Right (document that gives Parliament a greater role in government decisions, King must consult Parliament) - Signs the Petition of Right, then immediately dissolves the Parliament - Rules for the next 11 years without convening Parliament a single time - Appoints William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury - Laud attempts to revive a number of Catholic practices - Charles reconvenes Parliment in 1640 for additional funding -Parliament will not disband for the next 13 years, known as the "Long Parliament" - Parliament leaders capture Laud and execute him, which begins the English civil war | 92 | |
| 4509758251 | Commonwealth Era | - Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth after English Civil War - British society now based entirely on Puritan beliefs and values and according to Puritan belief, work and prayer should dominate one's life -Cromwell leads invasion of Ireland; conquers Ireland in a brutal fashion, results in death of 300,000 Irish people - Catholicism banned, Catholic landowners relocated to the region of Connacht - ..."to hell or Connacht"... - Catholic landownership drops from 60% to 8% - Cromwell still the most despised man in Irish history today associated with massacre, religious persecution, dispossession, etc - ..."Mallacht Crommail Ort"... "The Curse of Cromwell upon you" | 93 | |
| 4509763458 | The Restoration | - Cromwell dies in 1658 - After Commonwealth era dominated by Puritans, Britain wants a monarchy again - Stuart King Dynasty is asked to come back to England - King Charles ll: restores throne and Church of England | 94 | |
| 4509767890 | King James ll | - Brother of King Charles ll - Assumes the throne and is a strong believer in divine right and refuses to recognize Parliament's right to govern - James is a devout Catholic who flaunts his faith - Wife gives birth to a son, who is predicted to ensure a Catholic dynasty - Britain does NOT want that, but they also want to keep the monarchy since they don't want to return to the Commonwealth era - Parliament appeals to William and Mary (Dutch royalty) and they accept -James ll is advised to flee while he still can, remembering Charles l | 95 | |
| 4509771371 | Bloodless Revolution | - William and Mary (Duke and Duchess) are appealed to by Parliament to return to Britain to rule - Mary is the Protestant daughter of James l - They sign the English Bill of Rights in order to assume the throne - William and Mary sign, assume throne in 1688, no bloodshed or fighting | 96 | |
| 4509773572 | English Bill of Rights | - Established several important rights for English citizens - Habeas corpus ("bring forth the body"), someone must be formally and legally charged with something - No cruel and unusual punishments - Parliament is also given the "Power of the Purse" (control of the money) | 97 | |
| 4509783854 | Thomas Hobbes | - Enlightenment Philosopher - He believed that humans are naturally selfish and wicked - He also believed that the purpose of government was to keep order - Wrote "Leviathan" | 98 | |
| 4509783855 | Social Contract | Thomas Hobbes' idea that people have to give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. | 99 | |
| 4509784685 | Enlightenment | - A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition - An extension of the Scientific Revolution, but applied to society rather than nature | 100 | |
| 4509784933 | John Locke | - Enlightenment Philosopher - He believed that people can learn from experience and improve themselves. - Wrote "Two Treatisies on Goverment" - Believed that people were not born evil, but society could corrupt them - He favored self government and criticized absolute monarchy. | 101 | |
| 4509785585 | Natural rights | The belief that people are born free and equal with the rights of life, liberty and property. | 102 | |
| 4509785630 | Voltaire | - Enlightenment Philosopher - (Francois Marie Arouet) - Believed in freedom of speech - Wrote satire - He said "I will disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - Supported a constitutional monarchy | 103 | |
| 4509786373 | Absolute monarchy | A form of government in which a king or queen inherits total power and the people have few rights. | 104 | |
| 4509787506 | Jean-Jaques Rousseau | - Enlightenment Philosopher - He was committed to individual freedom - He believed that government should be freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society. | 105 | |
| 4509788913 | Baron de Montesquieu | - Enlightenment Philosopher - He believed a separation of powers or checks and balances was necessary to prevent one branch of government from having too much power - Created the 3 branch government (Executive, Judicial, Legislative) | 106 | |
| 4509799562 | laissez faire | - A policy in which businesses would be allowed to operate with little or no government interference - Supported by Adam Smith | 107 | |
| 4509826487 | Adam Smith | - Scottish economist - He wrote "The Wealth of Nations" (in which he argued that "free markets" should determine business activity, not governments) - Strong supporter of "laissez-faire" policies - Also believed governments must protect society, administer justice, and provide public works. | 108 | |
| 4509831135 | Response by Government to the Englightenment | - They censored the people speaking out - Other monarchies tried to adopted the Enlightenment ideas | 109 | |
| 4509855318 | The French Revolution | A major change in government that began in 1789; it brought an end to the absolute monarchy and a start to a representative government | 110 | |
| 4509856499 | The General Estates | - A legislative body in the French Society, which is split up into 3 specific estates: • 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy; no taxes (<1%) • 2nd Estate: Nobles; no direct taxes to the king (<2%) • 3rd Estate: Everybody else; paid high taxes (>97%) - Could only meet with permission of King | 111 | |
| 4509870912 | Bourgeoisie | - They were the urban middle-class; they were the merchants/artisans and were well-educated and often wealthy - Part of the 3rd Estate | 112 | |
| 4509875536 | French Economic Crisis | - Louis XlV and Louis XV had lavish lifestyles that drained the treasury of the French government - By the mid-1780s, France was enveloped in a major financial crisis: • 7 Years War in America against Britain was very expensive • The national debt had grown to astronomical proportions • Taxation on the common people high, while nobles and clergy remained exempt • A series of bad harvests left much of France's population poor, hungry, and angry with the government | 113 | |
| 4509894454 | Assembly of Notables | - King Louis XVl wanted to tax the nobles, especially on their land holdings. - The nobles, represented by the 1st Estate - The king decided to gather the nobility together to explain to them why they would have to pay more taxes - February of 1787 - This assembly, though widely popular, had no progress | 114 | |
| 4509904574 | 3rd Estate | - They could be outvoted by the other 2 Estates since all 3 estates had 300 representatives, but all the representatives voted as 1, and since the 1st and 2nd Estate worked together, could outvote the other - The wanted 300 representatives from each estate for vote individually - Brought the plan to General Estates, who denied the plan - They decided to break away from the General Estates and created the National Assembly | 115 | |
| 4509917523 | Tennis Court Oath | - King Louis XVl was upset by the creation of the National Assembly and ordered them to disband it or be locked out of the voting hall - The National Assembly went to an indoor sports facility when they were locked out - The National Assembly made a promise to stay together until they had written a constitution for France - This was the first deliberate act of the revolution (treason) | 116 | |
| 4509923229 | Storming of Bastille | - July 14th, 1789 - Parisians stormed the Bastille for weapons - Bastille was a medieval fort and prison in Paris used to store gun powder - Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly - This was the symbolic start of the revolution | 117 | |
| 4509923691 | Declarations of the Rights of Man | This was the document written by the National Assembly that identified the natural rights of the French citizens as well as their other liberties | 118 | |
| 4509924409 | Womens' March on Versailles | - Was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution - a crowd of women demanding bread for their families gathered other discontented Parisians, including some men, and marched toward Versailles - They demanded to see the King, who agreed to meet with some of the women and promised to distribute all the bread in Versailles to the crowd. - The arrival of the National Guard on the scene determined to take the King back to Paris complicated things for the King. - The people demanded that the royal family return to Paris -They did go back to Paris and never returned to the Palace of Versailles | 119 | |
| 4510449129 | The Great Fear | The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt. | 120 | |
| 4509924410 | Jacobins | - A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans - September 1792: abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic - Led by Maximilien Robespierre ("The Incorruptible") | 121 | |
| 4509925796 | National Convention | -Was the legislative branch of government that deposed the king of his title - They declared France a republic - They publically executed the king and queen | 122 | |
| 4510483793 | Committee of Public Safety | - Had the responsibility of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion - It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and of the government ministers appointed by the Convention - As the Committee tried to meet the dangers of a coalition of European nations and counter-revolutionary forces within the country, it became more and more powerful -It was run by mostly radicals, who were embers of this law-making body who opposed the idea of monarchy and wanted sweeping governmental change - Was responsible of executed a large numbers of citizens who were possibly considered "disloyal" to the French Republic | 123 | |
| 4509926750 | Use of the Guillotine | - Was invented around the French Revolution - Was use extensively for execution - Was remarked as being quick and "humane" (quick death, same treat for everyone) | 124 | |
| 4510467458 | Marie Antoinette | - Austrian princess - Married King Louis XVl of France when young - Was childless for the first part of their marriage - Queen of France at the start of the Revolution - She was disliked by many French citizens because she spent so much money on herself. - She was found guilty of treason and guillotined - Famous saying: "Let them eat cake." | 125 | |
| 4509927614 | Reign of Terror | - A time (1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" | 126 | |
| 4509927615 | Fate of King Louis XVl | - He was guillotined on 21 January 1793 for treason - Still treated with respect before death | 127 | |
| 4509928421 | Fate of Queen Marie Antoinette | - She was found guilty of treason and guillotined - Treated like a common criminal, unlike King Louis XVl | 128 | |
| 4509929146 | Symbols & Slogans of the French Revolution | - Storming of the Bastille= symbolic start of the Revolution - "Let them eat cake"= supposed words spoken by Marie Antoinette, symbolic of the ruler's disdain for their people - "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"- Slogan for members of the French Revolution | 129 | |
| 4509929147 | Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte | - Born on Corsica in 1769 - He attended a military School - Became a general after many felt the revolution had failed and so royalists attacked the new National Convention and he defended it - France continued to build a large army - He was given a command position - wins several battles in Italy - cuts off British trade in Egypt - loses in the Battle to the British Navy (Battle of Trafalgar) against the British Duke of Wellington - Becomes part of consulate and then Consul for life after being unhappy with the Directory (the current form of government at that time) - | 130 | |
| 4509931748 | Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor | - Napoleon was to be crowned and named emperor - He took the crown from the Pope and crowned himself | 131 | |
| 4509931749 | Napoleonic Wars | - Was a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times - He conquered Egypt, Belgium, Holland, much of Italy, Austria, much of Germany, Poland and Spain - The conquered countries began to to gravitate towards nationalism | 132 | |
| 4510609919 | Invasion of Russia | - Considered a great mistake of Napoleon Bonaparte - Russia ignores Continental System - Napoleon attacks Russia - Russia use guerilla form of military strategy and they retreat afterwards, burning EVERYTHING along the way (Scorched Earth Policy) - French die while stuck in Russia during winter with no food or resources - Napoleon is forced to retreat with a lot less men that what he started with | 133 | |
| 4509932505 | Continental System | - Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe - It was intended to destroy Great Britain's economy - It ultimately failed | 134 | |
| 4510640943 | Napoleonic Code | System of Laws set forth by Napoleon Bonaparte: - enlightenment ideas - religious toleration - abolition feudalism - no freedom of press/speech (censorship) - no special treatment for the rich - takes away women's rights - reestablishes slavery | 135 | |
| 4509933235 | Final Battles and Exiles of Napoleon | - 4th Coalition (alliances of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden) exiles Napoleon to a small island (Elba) following defeat of Battle of Leipzig - Louis XVIII put in charge of France -Napoleon escapes Elba island and takes back France (The 100 days) - At the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon is defeated again - Send to St. Helena (Southwest coast of Africa) where he eventually dies of stomach cancer | 136 | |
| 4510661360 | Good Luck! | Good Luck! | 137 |
