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| 3230564982 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234) | 0 | |
| 3230574702 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 1 | |
| 3230581780 | caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232) | 2 | |
| 3230588860 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250) | 3 | |
| 3230596588 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270) | 4 | |
| 3230776840 | Fief | an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service.(p.253) | 5 | |
| 3230610013 | Footbinding | as the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth.(p.261) | 6 | |
| 3230764363 | Fujiwara | a member of a powerful family in Japan who exercised power as regents in the name of the emperor, a.d. 858-1160.(269) | 7 | |
| 3230619894 | Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241) | 8 | |
| 3230627191 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449) | 9 | |
| 3230631616 | horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269) | 10 | |
| 3230641839 | Investiture controversy | controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261) | 11 | |
| 3230649498 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288) | 12 | |
| 3230656174 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292) | 13 | |
| 3230660762 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277) | 14 | |
| 3230666165 | movable type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293) | 15 | |
| 3230674742 | Neo-Confusionism | a movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism.(p.262) | 16 | |
| 3230681038 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445) | 17 | |
| 3230696420 | Seljuk Turks | re a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. The Seljuks migrated from the north Iranian provinces in Central Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as Persia. | 18 | |
| 3230704197 | Serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553) | 19 | |
| 3230729534 | Shari'a | Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists. | 20 | |
| 3230733329 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531) | 21 | |
| 3230741017 | Song Empire | Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285) | 22 | |
| 3230744774 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225) | 23 | |
| 3230751289 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277) | 24 | |
| 3295672739 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. | 25 | |
| 3295673992 | Uighurs | A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. | 26 | |
| 3295675531 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 27 | |
| 3295675532 | Umayyad | Clan of bedouins who controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. | 28 | |
| 3295677360 | Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. | 29 | |
| 3295679996 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 30 | |
| 3295684186 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301) | 31 | |
| 3295684187 | Maya | a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples | 32 | |
| 3295686654 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 33 | |
| 3295686655 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 34 | |
| 3295689478 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. | 35 | |
| 3295689479 | Moche | Moche ugly, Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 36 | |
| 3295690720 | Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. | 37 | |
| 3295693523 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. | 38 | |
| 3295694840 | Mit'a | Mit'a System Andean labor system on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 39 | |
| 3295696591 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 40 | |
| 3295696661 | Gengis Khan | 41 | ||
| 3295699378 | Yuan Empire | 42 | ||
| 3295700790 | Golden Horde | 43 | ||
| 3295702453 | Tsar | 44 | ||
| 3295702454 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuamzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Emperor Mongol sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The laters years saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 45 | |
| 3295704867 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 46 | |
| 3295706748 | Kamikaze | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 47 | |
| 3295712270 | Ashikaga Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan, ; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority | 48 | |
| 3295715560 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 49 | |
| 3352446441 | Yongle | Yongle Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355) | 50 | |
| 3352447308 | Ibn Battuta | Ibn Battuta a Moroccan legal scholar who traveled extensively and recorded is observations | 51 | |
| 3352448560 | Dehli Sultanate | What city did Muhammad capture that extended his control nearly throughout north India? | 52 | |
| 3352449936 | Mansa Musa | Mansu Musa Mali's greatest and most famous ruler, he was a devout muslim. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali's fame | 53 | |
| 3352449937 | Dhow | dhow Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382) | 54 | |
| 3352451741 | Swahili Coast | Swahili The people that lived along the east coast of Africa and surrounding islands. | 55 | |
| 3352451742 | Timbuktu | Timbuktu largest city in Songhai empire | 56 | |
| 3352452709 | Mali | The most prosperous empire of Africa | 57 | |
| 3352454139 | Three-field system | Three-Field System a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. | 58 | |
| 3352454140 | Black Death | A plague that came to Europe | 59 | |
| 3352455381 | Water wheel | Water Wheel A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900 | 60 | |
| 3352456865 | Hanseatic League | an organizations of north-German cities and towns that organized and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from the 1200s through the 1400s | 61 | |
| 3352456866 | Guild | an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members | 62 | |
| 3352459412 | Renaissance | means "rebirth", an era which emphasises education, art and critical thinking. | 63 | |
| 3352460670 | Scholasticism | intellectual movement in the middle ages which sought to demonstrate the harmony of faith and reason | 64 | |
| 3352462115 | Humanist | Many people are humanists without even knowing it. If you are non-religious and look to science, reason, empathy, and compassion in order to live an ethical and meaningful life, you're probably a humanist. | 65 | |
| 3352462116 | Printing Press | the invention that made it to where mass communication was easily printed and didn't have to be handwritten | 66 | |
| 3353954429 | Great Western Schism | City where the legitimate Pope lived during the Great Western Schism | 67 | |
| 3353956752 | Hundred Years War | Hundred Years War Between 1337 and 1453, France and England fought in a series of conflicts. The issue was territory: English rulers wanted to hold on to the French lands of their Norman ancestors, while French kings sought to extend their own power in France. England won many early victories, thanks to their new weapon, the longbow. However, France later rallied behind a young peasant woman named Joan of Arc. Joan shocked King Charles VII of France by leading the French army to several victories over the course of a year before being captured and burned at the stake by the English. The French viewed Joan as a martyr, and her execution filled them with a new resolve. By 1453, the English held only the port of Calais in northwestern France. | 68 | |
| 3353958730 | Arawak | First group of islanders who sailed from the mouth of the Orinoco River in South America towards the islands | 69 | |
| 3353960818 | Henry the Navigator | Prince Henry the Navigator 1394-1460, Portuguese prince. First European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration. Motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors. Seeking to promote Portugese economic interests (challenging Muslim monopoly of gold trade) and to further Christian influence. Hope to find the kingdom of Prince Henry promoted settlement of islands in the Atlantic and exploration of the African coast. Founded the school for navigators at Sagres at the southwestern tip of Portugal. | 70 | |
| 3353960819 | Caravel | Larger, stronger7& faster ships built by the Portuguese | 71 | |
| 3353962332 | Bartolomeu Dias | found the tip of Africa | 72 | |
| 3353964076 | Vasco da Gama | Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 73 | |
| 3353967429 | Christopher Columbus | the explorer who found the New World while searching for a sea route to the Indies | 74 | |
| 3353967430 | Ferdinand Magellan | In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. En route he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. The voyage was long and dangerous, and only one ship returned home three years later. Although it was laden with valuable spices from the East, only 18 of the fleet's original crew of 270 returned with the ship. Magellan himself was killed in battle on the voyage, but his ambitious expedition proved that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than had previously been imagined. | 75 | |
| 3353970510 | Conquistadors | Conquistador One of the Spanish conquerors who sought riches and power for themselves, and wealth and glory for Spain, in the conquest of the Americas. | 76 | |
| 3353972982 | Hernan Cortes | Led an army into the American mainland eager to claim new land for Spain | 77 | |
| 3353974979 | Moctezuma II | Montezuma II was the last of the Aztec emperors, who was defeated by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés in 1520. | 78 | |
| 3353978739 | Francisco Pizzaro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima | 79 |
