8000 B.C.E - 600 C.E
"Unit 1"
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| 213979074 | prehistory vs. history | Prehistory - no written documents; History: written proof of history | 0 | |
| 213979075 | features of civilization | Social etiquette, religion, education, literature | 1 | |
| 213979076 | stages of hominid development | Austrolopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens | 2 | |
| 213979077 | "Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis | Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years | 3 | |
| 213979078 | Paleolithic Era | Old Stone Age | 4 | |
| 213979079 | Neolithic Era | New Stone Age | 5 | |
| 213979080 | family units, clans, tribes | A group of people sharing common ancestry | 6 | |
| 213979081 | foraging societies | Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal | 7 | |
| 213979082 | nomadic hunters/gatherers | Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment | 8 | |
| 213979083 | Ice Age | Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice | 9 | |
| 213979084 | civilization | Changed when agriculture started | 10 | |
| 213979085 | Neolithic Revolution | Farming uses; start of agriculture | 11 | |
| 213979086 | Domestication of plants and animals | Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures | 12 | |
| 213979087 | nomadic pastoralism | Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover | 13 | |
| 213979088 | partrilineal/patrilocal | Live with husband's family. Traced through father's lineage | 14 | |
| 213979089 | irrigation systems | replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops | 15 | |
| 213979090 | metalworking | craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools | 16 | |
| 213979091 | ethnocentrism | to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture | 17 | |
| 213979092 | sedentary agriculture | Domestication of plants and animals | 18 | |
| 213979093 | shifting cultivation | process by which people take an area of land to use for agriculture, only to abandon it a short time later | 19 | |
| 213979094 | matrilineal | System in which one belongs to mother's lineage | 20 | |
| 213979095 | cultural diffusion | spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement | 21 | |
| 213979096 | independent invention | Creative innovations of new solutions to old and new problems | 22 | |
| 213979097 | specialization of labor | specialisation of co-operative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. | 23 | |
| 213979098 | metallurgy and metalworking | the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures | 24 | |
| 213979099 | Fertile Crescent | a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey | 25 | |
| 213979100 | Gilgamesh | Gilgamesh became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh. | 26 | |
| 213979101 | 32. Hammurabi's Law Code | First set of defined laws within a civilization. | 27 | |
| 213979102 | Egypt | the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire. | 28 | |
| 213979103 | Egyptian Book of the Dead | common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death. | 29 | |
| 213979104 | hieroglyphics | used a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements. | 30 | |
| 213979105 | Indus valley civilization | an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa | 31 | |
| 213979106 | early China | Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han | 32 | |
| 213979107 | the Celts | group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans. | 33 | |
| 213979108 | the Hittites and iron weapons | First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC. | 34 | |
| 213979109 | the Assyrians and cavalry warfare | indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare? | 35 | |
| 213979110 | The Persian Empire | used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians | 36 | |
| 213979111 | The Hebrews and monotheism | descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh. | 37 | |
| 213979112 | the Phoenicians and the alphabet | enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language | 38 | |
| 213979113 | the Lydians and coinage | ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins | 39 | |
| 213979114 | Greek city-states | region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete | 40 | |
| 213979115 | democracy | form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens. | 41 | |
| 213979116 | Persian Wars | a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. | 42 | |
| 213979117 | Peloponnesian War | began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth | 43 | |
| 213979118 | Alexander the Great | United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire | 44 | |
| 213979119 | Hellenism | shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria | 45 | |
| 213979120 | Homer | legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey | 46 | |
| 213979121 | Socrates and Plato | Greek philosopher/student | 47 | |
| 213979122 | Aristotle | Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology | 48 | |
| 213979123 | Roman Republic | republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" | 49 | |
| 213979124 | plebians vs. patricians | peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass | 50 | |
| 213979125 | Punic Wars | series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence | 51 | |
| 213979126 | Julius Caesar | Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life | 52 | |
| 213979127 | Roman Empire | Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian | 53 | |
| 213979128 | Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties | First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China | 54 | |
| 213979129 | Shi Huangdi | king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor | 55 | |
| 213979130 | Chinese tributary system | form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty | 56 | |
| 213979131 | the Silk Road | interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel | 57 | |
| 213979132 | Nara and Heian Japan | last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits | 58 | |
| 213979133 | Lady Murasaki and "The Tale of Genji | Written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature | 59 | |
| 213979134 | Central Asia and Mongolia | historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia | 60 | |
| 213979135 | the Aryan invasion of India | Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River | 61 | |
| 213979136 | Indian caste system | system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions | 62 | |
| 213979137 | Ashoka | of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism | 63 | |
| 213979138 | Constantinople/Byzantine Empire | Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around | 64 | |
| 213979139 | Justinian | r. 527 - 565 CE - Justinian is the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity | 65 | |
| 213979140 | early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages" | a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church | 66 | |
| 213979141 | cultural diffusion versus independent innovation | spread through cultures vs. independent inventing | 67 | |
| 213979142 | aristocracy | system of government with "rule by the best" | 68 | |
| 213979143 | oligarchy | Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence) | 69 | |
| 213979144 | republics/democracies | Republic - state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. Democracy - form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens | 70 | |
| 213979145 | theocracy | form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role | 71 | |
| 213979146 | slavery vs. serfdom | slavery vs. serfdom | 72 | |
| 213979147 | Polynesian migrations | most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north | 73 | |
| 213979148 | polytheism | belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities | 74 | |
| 213979149 | Zoroastrianism | one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Worship of Wisdom | 75 | |
| 213979150 | the Ten Commandments | list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets | 76 | |
| 213979151 | the Torah | refers to the first section of the Tanakh-the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law | 77 | |
| 213979152 | the Talmud | of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity | 78 | |
| 213979153 | David and Solomon | David - Greatest king of jews. Solomon - wisest king on earth; fell to evilness, turned away from his God | 79 | |
| 213979154 | Jewish Diaspora | to the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE | 80 | |
| 213979155 | Vedism (Rig-Veda) | of hymns counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language | 81 | |
| 213979156 | Hinduism | encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion | 82 | |
| 213979157 | samsara, karma, dharma | Samsara - transmigration of soul from one body to another, Karma - the law behind reincarnation, Dharma - cosmic ethnics | 83 | |
| 213979158 | Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva | The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer | 84 | |
| 213979159 | Laws of Manu | work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct"); | 85 | |
| 213979160 | Buddhism | religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand | 86 | |
| 213979161 | Four Noble Truths | fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy | 87 | |
| 213979162 | Siddhartha Gautama | Buddha; founder of Buddhism. | 88 | |
| 213979163 | Eightfold Path | way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths | 89 | |
| 213979164 | nirvana | not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying | 90 | |
| 213979165 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns | 91 | |
| 213979166 | Confucianism | system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius); taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society | 92 | |
| 213979167 | Mandate of Heaven | blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, Heaven would be displeased and would give the Mandate to someone else | 93 |
