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| 126534983 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 0 | |
| 126534984 | Charles Martel | the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. | 1 | |
| 126534985 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250) | 2 | |
| 126534986 | Vikings | Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. | 3 | |
| 126534987 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 4 | |
| 126534988 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 5 | |
| 126534989 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449) | 6 | |
| 126534990 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 7 | |
| 126534991 | Horse collars | distributed the weight around the shoulders and chest rather than the throat; also could hitch many horses together | 8 | |
| 126534992 | watermills | building located on rivers in which grain were crushed into flour with use of flowing water | 9 | |
| 126534993 | Pope Gregory I | 590-604 was most important figure for providing Roman church with sense of direction; "Gregory the Great"; mobilized local resources and organized defense of Rome | 10 | |
| 126534994 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 11 | |
| 126534995 | chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 12 | |
| 126534996 | Thomas Aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology | 13 | |
| 126534997 | Gothic cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405) | 14 | |
| 126534998 | Reconquista | The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | 15 | |
| 126534999 | bubonic plague | a contagious disease that devastated the world in the 1300's, a pathogenic microbe that swept through Europe during the middle agesand killed about 25 million people, 1/3 of the population. Not until 500 years later in 1890 did microbiologists identify the causitive organism...bacterium called Yersinia pestis which was carried by infected fleas that infected the rats, but when the rats became a rarity, the fleas infected the humans. Characterized by buboes, fever. | 16 | |
| 126535000 | Magyars | In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population. | 17 | |
| 126535001 | serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | 18 | |
| 126535002 | manors | large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land | 19 | |
| 126535003 | heavy plows | (6th century) could turn heavy northern soils, & increased production during the 8th c; cultivation of new lands, watermills and rotating crops | 20 | |
| 126535004 | William Duke of Normandy | king of england; defeated king harold to earn crown; made noble swear oath making him sole ruler; gave fiefs to knights (land); developed taxation & royal courts | 21 | |
| 126535005 | three estates | 1. First Estate Clergy 1% of pop, 10% of land, 0% of taxes 2. Second estate Nobility 2% of pop, 20% of land, little taxes 3. Third estate Everyone else. All taxed, heavily. | 22 | |
| 126535006 | guilds | business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc. | 23 | |
| 126535007 | pilgrimage | a journey to a sacred place | 24 | |
| 126535008 | Leif Erikson | Viking Explorer, 1st to discover North America. | 25 | |
| 126535009 | fourth crusade | a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem | 26 | |
| 126535010 | Frankish Kingdom | Created by the most powerful Germanic tribe that settled in Gaul (France). Clovis: in the year 500, he converted to Christianity. -Frankish people converted to Christianity from Paganism -Merovingian dynasty began by Clovis -Fusion of German and Latin cultures - had to be a good fighter to be in the Aristocracy in the German culture. This created new nobility. -Empire divided between four sons, which disintegrated the unity | 27 | |
| 126535011 | Britain | a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles | 28 | |
| 126535012 | Iberian Peninsula | Peninsula in southwestern Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal | 29 |
