Unit 3 vocabulary
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| 50818219 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 0 | |
| 50818220 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 1 | |
| 50818221 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 2 | |
| 50818222 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. They tried to find more areas with gold after finding the gold coast. | 3 | |
| 50818223 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | 4 | |
| 50818224 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 5 | |
| 50818225 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 6 | |
| 50818226 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China | 7 | |
| 50818227 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain | 8 | |
| 50818228 | Kongo | the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola | 9 | |
| 50818229 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387) | 10 | |
| 50818230 | conquistador | an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century) | 11 | |
| 50818231 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 12 | |
| 50818232 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 13 | |
| 50818233 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Incan emperor of Peru. Executed by the Spanish (Pizarro) | 14 | |
| 50818234 | Renaissance | the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world | 15 | |
| 50818235 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 16 | |
| 50818236 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 17 | |
| 50818237 | Enlightenment | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation | 18 | |
| 50818238 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) | 19 | |
| 50818239 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 20 | |
| 50818240 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist | 21 | |
| 50818241 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) | 22 | |
| 50818242 | absolutism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 23 | |
| 50818243 | balance of power | an equilibrium of power between nations | 24 | |
| 50818244 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 25 | |
| 50818245 | smallpox | a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars | 26 | |
| 50818246 | silver | a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal | 27 | |
| 50818247 | mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 28 | |
| 50818248 | encomienda | Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well. | 29 | |
| 50818249 | creoles | descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status | 30 | |
| 50818250 | mestizo | a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) | 31 | |
| 50818251 | mulatto | an offspring of a Black and a White parent | 32 | |
| 50818252 | indentured servant | Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America | 33 | |
| 50818253 | French and Indian War | a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes) | 34 | |
| 50818254 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498) | 35 | |
| 50818255 | maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505) | 36 | |
| 50818256 | manumission | the formal act of freeing from slavery | 37 | |
| 50818257 | capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of capital | 38 | |
| 50818258 | mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | 39 | |
| 50818259 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | 40 | |
| 50818260 | Songhai | a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger | 41 | |
| 50818261 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 42 | |
| 50818262 | Ottoman Empire | a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe | 43 | |
| 50818263 | Suleiman | Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its height; he succeeded in defeating the Habsburgs and capturing Vienna. | 44 | |
| 50818264 | Safavid Empire | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries | 45 | |
| 50818265 | Shi'ite Muslim | a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs | 46 | |
| 50818266 | Istanbul | the largest city and former capital of Turkey | 47 | |
| 50818267 | Isfahan | capital city of the Safavid empire | 48 | |
| 50818268 | Shah Abas I | Shah Abbas I was the first of the Safavid Shahs to establish Persia as a homogeneous state, enforcing, often brutally, adherence to Shi'ism, and imposing Farsi as a unifying language throughout the land. | 49 | |
| 50818269 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536) | 50 | |
| 50818270 | Akbar | son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. | 51 | |
| 50818271 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 52 | |
| 50818272 | Samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 53 | |
| 50818273 | daimyo | a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 54 | |
| 50818274 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences | 55 | |
| 50818275 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355) | 56 | |
| 50818276 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556) | 57 | |
| 50818277 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 58 | |
| 50818278 | Cossacks | free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility | 59 | |
| 50818279 | Serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | 60 | |
| 50818280 | Peter the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | 61 | |
| 50818281 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 62 |
