MIDTERM
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| 2129996157 | agricultural village | a farming-based settlement; relatively small in population | 0 | |
| 2129996158 | city-state | A city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. | 1 | |
| 2129996159 | Code of Hammurabi | 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. | 2 | |
| 2129996160 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 3 | |
| 2129996161 | Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 4 | |
| 2129996162 | Gilgamesh | A legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories | 5 | |
| 2129996163 | ideograms | Pictures that symbolized an idea or action. | 6 | |
| 2129996164 | Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture | 7 | |
| 2129996165 | Neolithic | A time in history when people change from nomadic to settled farming. | 8 | |
| 2129996166 | pictograms | the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas | 9 | |
| 2129996167 | Sargon of Akkad | (2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia. | 10 | |
| 2129996168 | Sumer | 1st civilization- argriculture based. Southern Iraq | 11 | |
| 2129996169 | Ziggurat | A pyramid shaped temple tower used for religious purposes | 12 | |
| 2129996170 | Animism | Belief that everything has a spirit | 13 | |
| 2132893205 | Aryans | a group of people who settled in india | 14 | |
| 2132893206 | caste system | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life | 15 | |
| 2132893207 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization. | 16 | |
| 2132893208 | Indus Valley civilization | also known as Harappan civilization,located in India along the Indus River. | 17 | |
| 2132893209 | Middle Kingdom | 2000-1800 BCE; known as the time of reunification, advances in literature, art and architecture occurred at this time. | 18 | |
| 2132893210 | Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India | 19 | |
| 2132893211 | mummification | embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy | 20 | |
| 2132893212 | New Kingdom | the period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory | 21 | |
| 2132893213 | Nile | Egypt's river | 22 | |
| 2132893214 | Old Kingdom | *Period in Egyptian history associated with building pyramids. | 23 | |
| 2132893215 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 24 | |
| 2132893216 | oracle bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | 25 | |
| 2132893217 | Teotihuacán | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 26 | |
| 2132893218 | Yellow River (Huang He) | a major river of Asia in northern China | 27 | |
| 2132949042 | Alexander the Great | (356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India. | 28 | |
| 2132949043 | Assyrians | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 29 | |
| 2132949044 | Athens | A greek city state who focused on art, literature and architecture, had democratic government and a jury | 30 | |
| 2132949045 | Babylonians | A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". | 31 | |
| 2132949046 | democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 32 | |
| 2132949047 | Hellenistic | A cultural blend, under Alexander's policies, of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian. Koine was the popular spoken language used in these cities. | 33 | |
| 2132949048 | Indo-European | A group of Nomadic people | 34 | |
| 2132976035 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire | 35 | |
| 2132976036 | Constantine | 1st Christian Emperor/ruler | 36 | |
| 2132976037 | Colosseum | A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place | 37 | |
| 2132976038 | consul | An elected official who led the Roman Republic | 38 | |
| 2132976039 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C. | 39 | |
| 2132976040 | Goths | Germanic tribe | 40 | |
| 2132976041 | Justinian Code | A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire | 41 | |
| 2132976042 | paterfamilias | Head of household -always male- and only member to have full legal right | 42 | |
| 2132976043 | patrician | A person of noble birth | 43 | |
| 2133000064 | Confucius | A CHINESE PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER WHOSE BELIEFS HAD A GREAT INFLUENCE ON CHINESE LIFE | 44 | |
| 2133000065 | Daoism | ..., philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 45 | |
| 2133000066 | Grand Canal | A canal linking northern and southern China. | 46 | |
| 2133000067 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. | 47 | |
| 2133000068 | Qin Shi Huangdi | First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalist; | 48 | |
| 2133000069 | Warring States period | 402-201 BCE, between Zhou and Qin dynasties, lack of centralized government in China | 49 | |
| 2133000070 | Wudi | Chinese emperor who brought the Han Dynasty to its greatest strength | 50 | |
| 2133058067 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. | 51 | |
| 2133058068 | polis | A city-state in ancient Greece | 52 | |
| 2133058069 | Pax Romana | ("Roman Peace") long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire | 53 | |
| 2133058070 | plebeian | A common farmer, trader, or craftworker in ancient Rome | 54 | |
| 2133058071 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 55 | |
| 2133058072 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 56 | |
| 2133058073 | Senate | A council of representatives | 57 | |
| 2133079809 | Asoka | (?-232 BCE) King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion. | 58 | |
| 2133079810 | Chandra Gupta I | Further expanded the empire and strengthened its economy. His reign was a period of prosperity. Gupta Empire reached its height under his rule. | 59 | |
| 2133079811 | guilds | An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 60 | |
| 2133079812 | Gupta Empire | (320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. | 61 | |
| 2133079813 | Mahabharata | A great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India. | 62 | |
| 2133079814 | monsoon | A seasonal wind. | 63 | |
| 2133079815 | Vedas | A Hindu holy book which is a collection of Aryan hymns that were transmitted orally before being written down in the 6th century BCE. | 64 | |
| 2133102730 | brahmin | Belonging to the first and highest of the four Hindu castes. | 65 | |
| 2133102731 | dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 66 | |
| 2133102732 | Hinduism | A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system. | 67 | |
| 2133102733 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 68 | |
| 2133102734 | nirvana | An ideal state of happiness and peace | 69 | |
| 2133102735 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism | 70 | |
| 2133102736 | the Buddha | Founder of Buddhism, he was originally an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He founded the Buddhist religion after a long spiritual journey through India. | 71 | |
| 2133102737 | the Four Noble Truths | According to Buddha, four principles for living that lead to happiness | 72 | |
| 2133122922 | Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe | 73 | |
| 2133122923 | diaspora | Describes forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place | 74 | |
| 2133122924 | monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 75 | |
| 2133122925 | Orthodoxy | A doctrine, belief, attitude, or teaching that is consistent with revealed truth and with the Church's doctrine of faith. | 76 | |
| 2133122926 | Torah | (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written | 77 | |
| 2133194044 | Abbasid | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250. | 78 | |
| 2133194045 | caliph | A Muslim ruler | 79 | |
| 2133194046 | crusade | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 80 | |
| 2133194047 | Dar al-Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule | 81 | |
| 2133194048 | Delhi Sultanate | A Muslim leader of Ghur who defeated Hindu armies made Delhi, the third largest city of India, his capital. | 82 | |
| 2133194049 | dhimmi | "protected people," subjects who were not Muslim, paid Jizya | 83 | |
| 2133194050 | hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | 84 | |
| 2133194051 | hadith | (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions | 85 | |
| 2133194052 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 86 | |
| 2133194053 | jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 87 | |
| 2133194054 | Ka'aba | (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 88 | |
| 2133194055 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 89 | |
| 2133194056 | Seljuk Turks | ..., nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 90 | |
| 2133194057 | shari'a | A body of law governing the lives of Muslims | 91 | |
| 2133194058 | free market economy | Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand | 92 | |
| 2133194059 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 | 93 | |
| 2133194060 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373) | 94 | |
| 2133194061 | Marco Polo | (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. | 95 | |
| 2133194062 | Tenochtitlán | Aztec capital | 96 | |
| 2133226763 | Christopher Columbus | - Portuguese explorer who discovered the Americas while sailing for Spain. | 97 | |
| 2133226764 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 98 | |
| 2133226765 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 99 | |
| 2133226766 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 100 | |
| 2133226767 | humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 101 | |
| 2133226768 | James Cook | A navigator and ship captain who explored and claimed land in Australia for England in 1770 | 102 | |
| 2133226769 | Johannes Gutenberg | -Invented the printing press in Germany | 103 | |
| 2133226770 | Renaissance | -rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Ital | 104 | |
| 2133226771 | Vasco de Balboa | First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513. | 105 | |
| 2133226772 | Vasco de Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean. | 106 | |
| 2133268374 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation | 107 | |
| 2133268375 | Anglican | Church of England | 108 | |
| 2133268376 | capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 109 | |
| 2133268377 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 110 | |
| 2133268378 | Charles V | Devoted Catholic; went against Luther's ideas and controlled the German states | 111 | |
| 2133268379 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 112 | |
| 2133268380 | Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | 113 | |
| 2133268381 | Elizabeth I | queen of England absolute monarch | 114 | |
| 2133268382 | encomienda system | system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. | 115 | |
| 2133268383 | Francisco Pizarro | -Spanish conquistador | 116 | |
| 2133268384 | Hernán Cortés | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | 117 | |
| 2133268385 | Ignatius Loyola | (1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. | 118 | |
| 2133268386 | indulgence | A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins | 119 | |
| 2133268387 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism | 120 | |
| 2133268388 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 121 | |
| 2133268389 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 122 | |
| 2133268390 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 123 | |
| 2133268391 | mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 124 | |
| 2133268392 | Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes | 125 | |
| 2133268393 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 126 | |
| 2133268394 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Czar of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century. | 127 | |
| 2133268395 | Philip II | (1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. | 128 | |
| 2133268396 | repartimiento system | required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation | 129 | |
| 2133268397 | serfdom | Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions | 130 | |
| 2133268398 | shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name. | 131 | |
| 2133268399 | Spanish Armada | 1588 fleet that attempted an invasion of England | 132 |
