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| 2382361638 | early stone age/paleolithic era | period 2.5 million years ago where human communities took shape but stayed at a low level of social and technological development | 0 | |
| 2382364590 | hunting and foraging | main form of organization, kinship based; nomadic | 1 | |
| 2382368401 | Neolithic Revolution (3) | people used more sophisticated tools made out of metal AND stone; climate changes and people migrated and interacted with one another; now they could populate a large variety of ecosystems | 2 | |
| 2382379106 | What gave rise to agriculture and pastoralism? | domesticated animals once previously nomadic groups became sedentary | 3 | |
| 2382382945 | When these tribes became sedentary? (4) | developed religions; systems of record-keeping (writing); economic exchange (trade); social organization (villages, cities, labor specializations, and social hierarchies with men on top) | 4 | |
| 2382384867 | what increased human's impact on the environment? (3) | agriculture, city-building, metallurgy | 5 | |
| 2382386293 | 4 earliest civilizations that had taken shape b/w 3500 and 2000 BC? their rivers? | Sumer-Babylon civilization of MESOPOTAMIA (tigris and euphrates) Egypt (Nile) Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Indus River Valley) Shang China (Yellow River, Huang He) | 6 | |
| 2382390762 | 2 oldest civilizations in Americas? | The Olmecs (Central America in 1200 BC) The Chavin (Andes Mountains after 900 BC) | 7 | |
| 2382395094 | Humans and the environment from: PALEOLITHIC era; NEOLITHIC era; BRONZE age; IRON age | PALEOLITHIC era: migration out of Africa, ice age persists NEOLITHIC: erosion and overgrazing from pastoralism; irrigation and forest clearing from agriculture BRONZE: mining, irrigation and canal building; forest and swap clearing; terracing of hillsides; Bantu and Indo-European migrations begin IRON: Bantu and Indo-European migrations continue | 8 | |
| 2382403575 | general relationship between human technology and the environment? | as economic production advanced (and the tools that allowed for this economic production), more ecological stress caused by resource consumption and manipulation of the environment | 9 | |
| 2382412721 | Development and interaction of cultures--ART in Paleo. and Bronze Age | cave painting, story telling, rock art in paleolithic times in bronze age: Epic of Gilgamesh, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Rig Veda | 10 | |
| 2382416262 | Development and interaction of cultures--RELIGION | Hebrew monotheism, Vedism, polytheistic pantheons, | 11 | |
| 2382422049 | Stage-Building in the Bronze Age | 4 early civilizations had established states that legitimized legal rule with religion; (ex) Hammurabi's Code | 12 | |
| 2382433754 | Agriculture and Social Change? | people now had food surpluses, which meant that they could accumulate wealth and maintain private property | 13 | |
| 2382486740 | Out of Africa Thesis | theory that homo sapiens (modern humans) emerged from East Africa and then migrated to settle the world 100,000 years ago | 14 | |
| 2382500987 | Bering Land Bridge | Bridge of land that settlers from Eurasia crossed to get to the Americas | 15 | |
| 2382505262 | Hierarchy in Paleolithic Societies (2) | relatively MORE egalitarian as both genders had same amount of responsibilities and same skills (still gender division of labor); no class distinction as there was no private property and ownership of land; | 16 | |
| 2382508110 | Stone Age Religious Beliefs (3) | shamanism; ancestor veneration; animism (all things in natural world are animated by spirits); | 17 | |
| 2382522320 | Population boom in Neolithic Revolution | congenial climate which allowed for agriculture and pastoralism--more food, more people | 18 | |
| 2382532482 | Cultural Diffusion (in terms of Neolithic pastoralists) & ex's | they traded or warred with settled societies, spreading technologies (chariot, bow and arrow, iron weapons) and religious beliefs | 19 | |
| 2382536386 | Pastoralists and the Environment | overgrazing turned grasslands into desserts; species they found beneficial continued to exist while those they found useless did not | 20 | |
| 2382539290 | Effects of Agricultural Societies (on people in society and on environment) | societies became sedentary; people formed into first villages then cities; concept of private property (which brought about social classes); food surpluses and the consequent population boom; hierarchy (patriarchy); specialization of labor; ON ENVIRONMENT: irrigation, mining, urban planning, forest clearing | 21 | |
| 2382557378 | Transition to Bronze Age (2) | 1) metallurgy/metalsmithing lead to more effective tools 2)writing: developed from oral tradition, writing enabled people to keep records; earliest form was Sumerian "cuneiform" | 22 | |
| 2382553049 | Bronze Age: Function of Cities (3) | offered protection; center of trade, religion, politics enabled widespread cultural diffusion | 23 | |
| 2382555807 | New technologies in Bronze Age (2) | wheel/ chariot: enabled effective warfare and agriculture plow: agriculture | 24 | |
| 2382567645 | 6 Components of a Civilization | 1) economic system; 2) gov't; 3)a social system; 4) a religion/spirituality; 5) intellectual tradition; 6) technological aptitude | 25 | |
| 2387445663 | Cultural Bedrock in Mesopotamia | Sumerian tradition laid foundation for culture, writing system, religion, | 26 | |
| 2387453471 | State Building in Mesopotamia (3) | 1) built many cities, including Babylon, that were ruled by kinglike figures 2) not always politically centralized: sometimes indiviudal city-states practiced much autonomy 3) first empire was forged by Akkadian conqueror Sargon | 27 | |
| 2387462938 | Written Records in Mesopotamia | first people to develop writing system "cuneiform"; wrote "The Epic of Gilgamesh"; earliest law code "Hammurabi's Code", which innovated the idea that societies were controlled by a defined set of laws rather than the ruler's arbitrary will | 28 | |
| 2387472115 | Mesopotamian Religion | polytheistic gods, honored them with "ziggurats"; | 29 | |
| 2387488675 | Foreign Conquerors take Mesopotamia | 1) Hittites rule during 1300s to 1200s: they use chairots and IRON weapons 2) Assyrians took over in 911 and 612 BC to create one of world's largest empires: used iron weapons and skillful horseback warfare | 30 | |
| 2387601946 | Egyptian Politics | Pharaoh was absolute ruler, highly centralized rule, legitimized by fact that he was a god; below him was noble class of priests | 31 | |
| 2387609806 | Old Kingdom | 3100-2500 BC; Pharaoh most powerful, | 32 | |
| 2387619874 | Middle Kingdom | 2040 BC: transition after civil war broke apart Old Kingdom; interaction with Nubians; ended when Hyksos invaded using chariots and compound bows | 33 | |
| 2387630198 | New Kingdom | 1532 BC: Egyptians rebelled against Hyskos and formed New Kingdom; became more "expansionistic; conquered a lot of the Middle East and Africa, including Nubian lands, esp. under king Rameses II | 34 | |
| 2387681077 | Why did New Kingdom collapse? | internal disorder and foreign invasions; lost its independence by 900 BC | 35 | |
| 2387707277 | Egypt vs Mesopotamia | 1) Egypt less urban 2) Egypt didn't trade as widely | 36 | |
| 2387713788 | Egyptian-Nubian Trade | 1)brought gold to Egypt and gave it access to ivory, ebony, and exotic animal skins from sub-Saharan Africa (crucial but unfriendly) 2) Egypt raided Nubia for slaves, built border forts, and conquered Nubia during N. Kingdom | 37 | |
| 2387723647 | Egyptian Women | more power and status than in other civilizations; managed household finances and education of children, had right to divorce, could own property upper-class women could serve as priestesses (Hatshepsut became pharaoh) | 38 | |
| 2387750567 | Egyptian Religion | polytheistic; based on agriculture; main religious text was "Egyptian Book of the Dead"; mummified their dead and build gigantic tombs (pyramids) for pharaohs | 39 | |
| 2387754929 | Eygptian Advancements: Science | developed hieroglyphs, papyrus, irrigation systems, structure pyramids, bronze tools and weapons, and devised the 365-day calendar | 40 | |
| 2387676352 | Why did New Kingdom collapse? | internal disorder and foreign invasion; lost independence by 900 BC | 41 | |
| 2387770092 | Indus River Civilization: missing pieces? | 2600 BC: written language hasn't been deciphered by scholars, little art left --> a lot about them remains unclear, esp. origins, culture, and reason for decline | 42 | |
| 2387668313 | Indus River Valley Trade | long distance trade because their seals have been found in Mesopotamia | 43 | |
| 2389045284 | End of Indus River Valley Cities | not fully known, Indo-Europeans take over; Aryans mix with Dravidian people and form basis for Hinduism | 44 | |
| 2390354567 | China's Geography | hilly interior with desert boarders, so the two east-west rivers (Huang He and Yangzi) were important in agriculture, movement, and fostering political unity | 45 | |
| 2390361855 | Starts of the Shang Dynasty | led by warrior aristocracy; expanded boarders by conquest; used chariots and horseback warfare in battle | 46 | |
| 2390366727 | Economy of Shang Dynasty | main commodities were jade and silk--maintained a monopoly on both items for centuries; | 47 | |
| 2390369204 | Religion and Record Keeping in Shang China | divination involving oracle bones (fortune telling) and ancestor veneration | 48 | |
| 2390374471 | Zhou Dynasty | longest, founded by herding society that rebelled against the Shang; crumbled eventually as they practiced feudalism and fell after "Warring states" period | 49 | |
| 2390372157 | Mandate of Heaven | pioneered by rulers of the Zhou Dynasty; stated that ruler had the God-given right to rule so long as he ruled wisely; used this to justify their mutiny | 50 | |
| 2390382465 | Olmecs: Cities | chief cities located in south-central Mexico; no large river system nearby; in Meso (Central) America | 51 | |
| 2390387758 | Olmec Culture (4) | written language remains a mystery; but art, large architecture (carved stone heads), and religion influenced peoples all around them | 52 | |
| 2390387759 | Similarites b/w Mayans and the Olmecs | complicated ball game for ritual purposes; probably practiced human sacrifice | 53 | |
| 2390392049 | Chavin (social cohesion, skills, advancements) | bonded by challenge of farming in rugged terrain; first city is Caral; skilled at weaving and metalworking; most important animal is the llama; used system of record-keeping called quipu | 54 | |
| 2390395191 | Chavin Religion and Nomads | polytheistic (jaguar god, like the Olmecs); known for elaborate textiles; nomadic herders in South American plains (lived in Amazon basin) | 55 | |
| 2390407283 | Other less significant societies that developed from 3000 to 1000 BC (7) including migrating groups | 1) Nubians (sout of Egypt, fostered trade b/w Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa; 2) Hebrews (first major monotheistic religion) 3) Mycenaeans in Greek (where Homer lived) 4) Minions (in Crete, later influenced Greeks) 5) Phoenicians (wrote 22 letter, phonetic alphabet)6) Indo-Europeans (spread language, many settled in Indus Valley where they later developed Hinduism)) 7) Bantu-speaking people (spread farming techniques and language in sub-Saharan Africa) | 56 | |
| 2390426792 | Aryan Race and Hitler's Mistake | Indo-European group who played foundational role in Indian prehistory by invading Indus Valley; Hitler misinterpreted Aryans as European's "purest" ancestors) | 57 | |
| 2390430406 | Settled societys in 1000s BC and Nomads | example: Hyskos conquered Egypt threat of steppe nomads meant that cities got better at building walls, they adopted new military strategies | 58 | |
| 2390437830 | Social Change in these first civilizations: Specialization of Labor and Stratifications | specialized labor came when people no longer needed to pull all efforts in producing food, and as society became more complex (warriors, record-keepers, etc); jobs became "stratified" as some where viewed to be more powerful/valuable than others' | 59 | |
| 2390445932 | Types of Trade in First Civilizations (3) | Egyptian-Nubian trade along Nile; Trade b/w people from North Africa and Middle East along the Mediterranean; Mesopotamian-Indus Trade along Indian Ocean | 60 | |
| 2390450988 | Monumental Architecture and examples | motivations included religion, defense, entertainment, and public display of political power (art often political, impressed populations) examples: city walls, paved streets and roads, sewage and water systems | 61 | |
| 2390474089 | Development of religion: Stone-Age to First Civilizations | began with shamanism, ancestor veneration, and (in settled communities) most popular was polytheism; spread through trade, missionary activity, or forced conversion | 62 | |
| 2390481249 | Vedism vs Hinduism | texts like Rig Veda; it might have set in place Buddhist and Hindu notions of karma and reincarnation; Vedism mainly emphasized obedience of brahmin, who were at top of the rigid caste system (justified social hierarchy) | 63 | |
| 2390488998 | Zoroastrianism | don't know its origins for sure; its scripture, Avesta, compiled over many centuries; emerged in Persia by 500s as the major faith; monotheistic (Ahura Mazda); influenced Judeo-Christian faith as well | 64 | |
| 2390437171 | Social Change in these first civilizations: Specialization of Labor and Stratifications | 65 |
