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| 2169710909 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 0 | |
| 2169711936 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 1 | |
| 2169711937 | Astrolabe | Astrolabes are used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at a given time. Used for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. | 2 | |
| 2169712721 | Caravel | a light sailing ship that was developed by the Portuguese. The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. | 3 | |
| 2169714165 | Bartolomeu Diaz | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 4 | |
| 2169714958 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese navigator: discovered the sea route from Portugal around the continent of Africa to India. | 5 | |
| 2169717437 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China | 6 | |
| 2169719061 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain | 7 | |
| 2169719062 | Gold Coast | The first Europeans to arrive at the coast were the Portuguese. From here they traded slaves, gold, knives, beads, mirrors, rum and guns. News of the successful trading spread quickly, and eventually the countries came. | 8 | |
| 2169721246 | Hernán Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 9 | |
| 2169724319 | Treaty of Tordesillas/ Saragossa | Treaty of Tordesillas- Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | 10 | |
| 2169725916 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants. Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others. | 11 | |
| 2169726441 | Indulgences | When the church would forgive you of your sins for a certain price. Had a part in the protestant reformation. | 12 | |
| 2169726442 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 13 | |
| 2169728651 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 14 | |
| 2169728652 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 15 | |
| 2169729894 | Inquisition | the institution that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain, chiefly by the persecution of heretics, Jews, etc, esp from the 15th to 17th centuries. | 16 | |
| 2169730754 | English Reformation | The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church. | 17 | |
| 2169731816 | Henry VIII | King of England (1509-1547) who succeeded his father, Henry VII. He established the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy (1534) after divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the first of his six wives, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church. | 18 | |
| 2169731817 | Scientific Revolution | The era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs that were questioned. The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas. | 19 | |
| 2169733023 | Copernicus | Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. | 20 | |
| 2169733024 | Heliocentric | a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. | 21 | |
| 2169734197 | Galileo | This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method. | 22 | |
| 2169735223 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 23 | |
| 2169736184 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. | 24 | |
| 2169737349 | Social Contract Theory | An agreement between the citizen and the government stating that in exchange for protection, the government will provide safety, roads, etc. If the contract is broken by the government, then the citizen is no longer obliged to follow the rules of the government. Part of Enlightenment. | 25 | |
| 2169738347 | Joint-Stock Company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. | 26 | |
| 2169738971 | Absolutism | A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. | 27 | |
| 2169739876 | Palace at Versailles | A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles | 28 | |
| 2169740744 | Balance of Power | Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe). | 29 | |
| 2169742757 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 30 | |
| 2169742758 | Viceroy | Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies. | 31 | |
| 2169745782 | Encomienda | Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system. | 32 | |
| 2169745783 | Mita | When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America as a form of taxation. The Inca had previously used a similar practice. Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | 33 | |
| 2169747729 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 34 | |
| 2169748266 | Colonial America | Established by Christopher Columbus and was devastated by disease. Smallpox outbreak from having animals inside their home. Traded corn and potatoes with Europe in the Columbian Exchange. | 35 | |
| 2169749386 | Indentured Servant | Labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home. | 36 | |
| 2169750365 | Joint-Stock Company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 37 | |
| 2169753355 | Iroquosis Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. | 38 | |
| 2169755745 | Chartered Companies | Companies that granted permits to go into a different company. The lad was still colonially controlled. | 39 | |
| 2169756694 | Dutch West India Company | In the Caribbean and there main trade was sugar. They provided cocoa because Europe developed a taste for cocoa | 40 | |
| 2169757334 | Dutch East India Company | There main trade was tea. | 41 | |
| 2169757978 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507) | 42 | |
| 2169758605 | Plantation System | The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. Starting in Virginia the system spread to the New England colonies. Crops grown on these plantations such as tobacco, rice, sugar cane and cotton were labour intensive. | 43 | |
| 2169759500 | Sugar Plantations | The sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean. The main source of labor was African slaves. These plantations produced 80 to 90 percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. | 44 | |
| 2169760543 | Slave Driver | Used to be a slave. Was upgraded to a slave driver and got treated better. Enforced the rules on the slave. | 45 | |
| 2169761863 | Manumission | When slaves gain freedom. Most common in Brazil and least common in North America. | 46 | |
| 2169763130 | Mercantilism | The government controlled the trade. Colonies benefit the main countries. Country should export more than import. Citizens trading abroad is discouraged. | 47 | |
| 2169763131 | Capitalism | You had to invest to get a return. The people make money and the government doesn't bother the people. | 48 | |
| 2169764257 | Middle Passage | This was the transfer of slaves from Africa to the Americas. Death rates were extremely high because of disease and malnourishment. | 49 | |
| 2169764936 | African Diaspora | The spreading of Africans across the world because of the African Trade + Atlantic Trade | 50 | |
| 2169764937 | Sugar | Traded in the Columbian Exchange | 51 | |
| 2169765480 | Tobacco | Traded in the Columbian Exchange | 52 | |
| 2169769447 | Songhay | A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire. | 53 | |
| 2169770855 | Atlantic Trade System | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. | 54 | |
| 2169771627 | Askia the Great | King of Songhai and encouraged learning and literacy, Due to his efforts, Songhai experienced a cultural revival it had never witnessed before. | 55 | |
| 2169774524 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal) | 56 | |
| 2169774525 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 57 | |
| 2169776532 | Francis Xavier | Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552) | 58 | |
| 2169777407 | Ronin | A wandering samurai who had no lord or master. | 59 | |
| 2169778469 | Qing Empire | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism. Was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture. Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists. | 60 | |
| 2169778470 | Kangxi | Emperor of the Ch'ing dynasty of China (1661-1722). He extended Manchu control and promoted learning in the arts and sciences. K'ang-hsi conquered the feudatories of S China (1673-81), took Taiwan (1683), established China's first diplomatic relations with Russia (1689), and pushed the Ölöds from Outer Mongolia (1697). Repeated tax reductions, attention to water conservation, and imperial tours of inspection earned him a reputation for benevolence. He employed Jesuit missionaries to map the empire and to teach mathematics and astronomy. | 61 | |
| 2169779418 | Forbidden City | Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission. | 62 | |
| 2169780154 | Great Wall | A vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km | 63 | |
| 2169781536 | Kowtow | Kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom. | 64 | |
| 2169782509 | Tzar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. | 65 | |
| 2169783405 | Muscovite | The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 66 | |
| 2169783410 | Romanov | Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries. | 67 | |
| 2169784566 | Cossacks | free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility | 68 | |
| 2169785220 | Peter the Great | This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 69 | |
| 2169786036 | St. Petersburg | Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports. | 70 | |
| 2169789765 | Catherine the Great | Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations. | 71 |
