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| 3727996709 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. | 0 | |
| 3727996710 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. In the Mid-1700's | 1 | |
| 3727996711 | American Civil War | Fought from 1861 to 1865, first application of the Industrial Revolution to warfare, resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States and the reunification of the North and South | 2 | |
| 3727996712 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. | 3 | |
| 3727996713 | mass leisure culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution, based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports | 4 | |
| 3727996714 | Belgian Revolution | When Belgium rather than being in the Netherlands, got independence from the Netherlands. They became their own kingdom. 1830 | 5 | |
| 3727996715 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 6 | |
| 3727996716 | liberals | people who generally favor government action and view change as progress | 7 | |
| 3727996717 | Benjamin Disraeli | A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. | 8 | |
| 3727996718 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 9 | |
| 3727996719 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 10 | |
| 3727996720 | Charles Darwin | -Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out) wrote On the Origin of Species | 11 | |
| 3727996721 | Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 12 | |
| 3727996722 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. | 13 | |
| 3727996723 | conservatives | like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change | 14 | |
| 3727996724 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. | 15 | |
| 3727996725 | Oath of the Tennis Court | National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made. Starts the first phase of the revolution. | 16 | |
| 3727996726 | Bastille | The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of the troops at Versailles | 17 | |
| 3727996727 | factory system | This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. | 18 | |
| 3727996728 | Luddites | Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. | 19 | |
| 3727996729 | Chartist movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed | 20 | |
| 3727996730 | French Revolution | 1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions. | 21 | |
| 3727996731 | Louis XVI | King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 22 | |
| 3727996732 | guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading | 23 | |
| 3727996733 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. | 24 | |
| 3727996734 | Revolution of 1905 | result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. | 25 | |
| 3727996735 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 26 | |
| 3727996736 | Stamp Act of 1765 | required all paper was to have a stamp affixed; first time the colonists had been subjected to a direct tax (paid directly by the consumer); england felt that colonists should pay for the french-indian war | 27 | |
| 3727996737 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 28 | |
| 3727996738 | radicals | People who wanted to make extreme changes | 29 | |
| 3727996739 | nationalism | A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals. | 30 | |
| 3727996740 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 31 | |
| 3727996741 | Reign of Terror | (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" | 32 | |
| 3727996742 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 33 | |
| 3727996743 | feminist movement | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s. | 34 | |
| 3727996744 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference | 35 | |
| 3727996745 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). | 36 | |
| 3727996746 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | 37 | |
| 3727996747 | Henry James | The Portrait of a Lady | 38 | |
| 3727996748 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens | 39 | |
| 3727996749 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | 40 | |
| 3727996750 | Captain James Cook | claimed Australia for England English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) | 41 | |
| 3727996751 | partition | A division into parts, like the 1947 division of the British colony of India into nations of India and Pakistan. | 42 | |
| 3727996752 | Cecil Rhodes | Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 43 | |
| 3727996753 | Boxer Rebellion | Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead. | 44 | |
| 3727996754 | James Mill | He fused associationism and utilitarianism together to explain the motivation and mechanics of behavior. His associationism is a simple 'tinker toy' theory of mind. | 45 | |
| 3727996756 | sepoys | Indian troops who served in the British army | 46 | |
| 3727996757 | British Raj | The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947. | 47 | |
| 3727996758 | Methodism | A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work. | 48 | |
| 3727996759 | white racial supremacy | Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites, peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I, supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer | 49 | |
| 3727996760 | Boer republics | Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa, established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in the 1850s, discover of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer area in the 1860s | 50 | |
| 3727996761 | Queen Victoria | British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement | 51 | |
| 3727996762 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption. | 52 | |
| 3727996763 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 53 | |
| 3727996764 | Joseph Bonaparte | Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War. | 54 | |
| 3727996765 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among American Indian and mestizos in 1810, despite early victories, was captured and executed | 55 | |
| 3727996766 | Augustín de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. | 56 | |
| 3727996767 | Simon Bolívar | South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation. | 57 | |
| 3727996768 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 58 | |
| 3727996769 | José de San Martín | Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. | 59 | |
| 3727996770 | Dom João VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 60 | |
| 3727996771 | Dom Pedro I | Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 61 | |
| 3727996772 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. | 62 | |
| 3727996773 | Panama Canal | (TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. | 63 | |
| 3727996774 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. | 64 | |
| 3727996775 | Antonio López de Santa Anna | Played leading role in Mexico's fight for independence from Spain in 1821 & fights to keep Texas in Mexico later on | 65 | |
| 3727996776 | liberals | people who generally favor government action and view change as progress | 66 | |
| 3727996777 | Auguste Comte | French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded sociology | 67 | |
| 3727996778 | Napoleon III | Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew. | 68 | |
| 3727996779 | War of the Triple Alliance | Paraguay vs. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay | 69 | |
| 3727996780 | War of the Pacific | battle of iquique during this war | 70 | |
| 3727996781 | Great Boom | baby boom -1920' | 71 | |
| 3727996782 | Generation of 1880 | a group of scholars and intellectuals who modernized Argentina; became presidents, diplomats, and influential leaders | 72 | |
| 3727996783 | Theodore Roosevelt | 1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. | 73 | |
| 3727996784 | "American Way" | The idea, first promoted by big business at the 1939 World's Fair, that the ideal society was one in which government played a limited role in the economy and where responsible corporations provided jobs, good wages, advanced technology, and consumer choice | 74 | |
| 3727996785 | Mexican-American War | (1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. | 75 | |
| 3727996786 | gauchos | Argentine cowboys | 76 | |
| 3727996787 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 77 | |
| 3727996788 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867. | 78 | |
| 3727996789 | La Reforma | 1855, Benito Juarez and other liberals open an era; offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico, revised the Mexican constitution to strip military power and end Church privileges; unleashed a civil war, but was still elected president in 1861 | 79 | |
| 3727996790 | Porfirio Díaz | a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants | 80 | |
| 3727996791 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | strongman leader in buenos aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 81 | |
| 3727996792 | cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas, permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization | 82 | |
| 3727996793 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists | 83 | |
| 3727996794 | Spanish-American War | 1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism | 84 | |
| 3727996796 | modernization theory | A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment. | 85 | |
| 3727996797 | Qing dynasty | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism. | 86 | |
| 3727996798 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action | 87 | |
| 3727996799 | Boxer Rebellion | Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead. | 88 | |
| 3727996800 | Puyi | China's last Emperor who was an infant. | 89 | |
| 3727996801 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, ordered a blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium, sent into exile following the Opium War | 90 | |
| 3727996802 | Opium War | 1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. | 91 | |
| 3727996803 | jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 92 | |
| 3727996804 | General Kitchener | British general who went up the Nile and defeated Muslims at Omdurman. Met Marchand at Fashoda. | 93 | |
| 3727996805 | Battle of Omdurman | British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. | 94 | |
| 3727996806 | Suez Canal | A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea | 95 | |
| 3727996807 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 96 | |
| 3727996808 | Sultan Abdul Hamid | -(1876-1909) Ottoman Sultan who suspends the Constitution and ruled absolutely | 97 | |
| 3727996809 | Sultan Selim III | first to institue reforms known as Tazimat reforms that modernized the army and navy-- the ulamas and janissaries deposed him; he was the first to attempt reforms in the Ottoman Empire | 98 | |
| 3727996810 | Sultan Mahmud II | Mahmud II was the Ottoman Sultan starting in 1808. Mahmud II was primarily a military reformer. He established a new Europeanized military and successfully destroyed all of the Janissaries when they tried to rebel against his actions. Mahmud II also destroyed the sipahi units. His military reforms consisted of adopting European military structure. Mahmud II also pushed Europeanization in the Ottoman government by training higher officials in European subjects. The reforms and institutions shaped by Mahmud II influenced the beginning of the Tanzimat | 99 | |
| 3727996811 | Tanzimat reforms | A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers. | 100 | |
| 3727996812 | Taiping Rebellion | The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. | 101 | |
| 3727996813 | Hong Xiuquan | was a village school teacher, proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty. | 102 | |
| 3727996814 | Cixi | Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager. | 103 | |
| 3727996815 | Treaty of Nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong. | 104 | |
| 3727996816 | Young Turk Revolution | Young turk: radical person who wants change. Term came from journal written by Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Younger, educated generation with military officials who were influenced by Japan (Meiji restoration). Wanted to restore constitution to have democracy and overthrow Sultan Abdulhamid. It was a success. Total equality and democratic power over Ottoman | 105 | |
| 3727996817 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 106 | |
| 3727996818 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid, also called the "Young Turks", desired to restore 1876 constitution | 107 | |
| 3727996819 | Congress of Vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | 108 | |
| 3727996820 | Holy Alliance | An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian Principles | 109 | |
| 3727996821 | Decembrist uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825, led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsar Nickolas I | 110 | |
| 3727996822 | Alexander I | Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses. | 111 | |
| 3727996823 | Nicholas I | Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin. | 112 | |
| 3727996824 | Alexander II | (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. | 113 | |
| 3727996825 | Crimean War | (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. | 114 | |
| 3727996826 | emancipation of the serfs | Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. | 115 | |
| 3727996827 | zemstvos | Elected local rural governments that allowed some democracy without weakening the central government. | 116 | |
| 3727996828 | trans-Siberian railroad | constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. | 117 | |
| 3727996829 | Count Witte | Russian minister of finance (1892 -1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry. | 118 | |
| 3727996830 | intelligentsia | intellectuals; members of the educated elit | 119 | |
| 3727996831 | anarchists | people who oppose all forms of organized government | 120 | |
| 3727996832 | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin | Better known as Lenin, most active Russian Marxist leader, insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 | 121 | |
| 3727996833 | Bolsheviks | A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. | 122 | |
| 3727996834 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. | 123 | |
| 3727996835 | Dutch studies | Group of Japanese scholars in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century, urged freer exchange with the West, based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan | 124 | |
| 3727996836 | Duma | The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like. | 125 | |
| 3727996837 | Stolypin reforms | Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minster Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905, included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry | 126 | |
| 3727996838 | Yellow Peril | Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region | 127 | |
| 3727996839 | kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class. | 128 | |
| 3727996840 | Matthew Perry | A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might. | 129 | |
| 3727996841 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 130 | |
| 3727996842 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate. | 131 | |
| 3727996843 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. | 132 |
