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AP World History Flashcards

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5651241557Neanderthalsubspecies of human, in the genus Homo-died 25,000 years ago0
5651244398Jerichosite of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2000 people in present day Israel1
5651244399Catal HuyukAlong with Jericho, it is one of the oldest cities in the world in present-day turkey (7500BCE)-means "fork mound" in Turkish2
5651247477Venus FigurinesAn umbrella term for a number of prehistoric statues of women sharing common attributes from the Aurignacian or Gravettian period of the upper Paleolithic-Western Europe to Siberia3
5651247478Cro-MagnonOne of the earliest fossil sites found of our own species near Les Eyzies, France4
5651251159Agricultural Transtitiontransition from nomadic hunting and gathering groups to agricultural based complex societies5
5651255240Zigguratslarge stepped towers build in ancient Mesopotamia (3000BCE), often a temple.6
5651255241Cuneiformsystem of writing developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia (3500-3000BCE)7
5651257744HieroglyphicsStylized picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound. Created in ancient Egypt8
5651264300Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia- the first great work of literature recorded9
5651271636Lex TalionisAn early Babylonian law that was also present in biblical and Roman law. Says criminals should receive punishment precisely as they had inflicted on their victims.10
5651271637MenesThe first king of Egypt who is thought to have united Upper and Lower Egypt and founded the First Dynasty and Memphis (3150BCE)11
5651274406Sargon of AkkadThe first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire. Known for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th-23rd cent BCE12
5651274407HammurabiThe Babylonian king who proclaimed his codes of laws and standards, stipulated rules for commercial interactions and set fines/punishments. United all of southern Mesopotamia.13
5651276798HatshepsutA daughter of King Thutmose I, Hatshepsut became queen of Egypt when she married her half-brother, Thutmose II, around the age of 12. Upon his death, she began acting as regent for her stepson, the infant Thutmose III, but later took on the full powers of a pharaoh, becoming co-ruler of Egypt around 147314
5651276799AkhenatonPharaoh of Egypt of the 18th dynasty; in the 5th year, he underwent a dramatic religious transformation, changed his devotion from the cult of Amun to that of Aten, and, for the next twelve years, became famous (or infamous) as the `heretic king' who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt and instituted the first known monotheistic state religion in the world15
5651280215Law book of Manudefinition: guidelines formed based on Hindu beliefs significance: set of laws to bring order, first ones to be based on religion16
5651282801Rig Vedaan ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is one of the four canonical sacred texts (śruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas. The text is a collection of 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses, organized into ten books.17
5651285249UpanishadsThe Upanishads (Sanskrit) are a collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism, some of which are shared with Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.18
5651285250BrahminsA member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood.19
5664278239Kahatriyasa large block of Hindu castes, mainly located in the northern half of India. The Sanskrit term Kshatrā means "warrior, ruler," and identifies the second varna, ranking immediately below the Brahmans.20
5664294770Vaishyasa member of the third of the four Hindu castes, comprising the merchants and farmers.21
5664294771Shudrasfourth varna, whose mythological origins are described in the Purusha Sukta of the Rig veda, one of the many sacred texts of Hinduism22
5664294772Aryansrelating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.23
5664297216Dravidiana language family spoken, those who speak it, mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India, as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka with small pockets throughout Asia24
5664298914Mohenjo-Daroit was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements25
5664298915HarappaAn ancient city that emerged around the Indus River Valley in 2600BCE26
5664301835Mandate of HeavenThe Zhou created this; the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. They used this to justify their overthrow of the Shang, and their subsequent rule.27
5664301836Xia Dynastythe first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian.28
5664303649Shang Dynastythe first recorded Chinese dynasty for which there is both documentary and archaeological evidence.29
5664309556Zhou Dynastythe longest-lasting of China's dynasties. It followed the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) and it finished when the army of the state of Qin captured the city of Chengzhou in 256 BCE.30
5664309557Qin Dynastythe first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.31
5664311630Oracle Bonespieces of ox scapula or turtle plastron, which were used for pyromancy - a form of divination - in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty.32
5664313182Huang He Rivera river flowing from W China into the Gulf of Bohai. 2800 miles (4510 km) long.33
5664313183Yanagi Rivera river that has a lot of paintings of it?34
5664314673OlmecThe first major civilization in Guatemala and Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowlands of Guatemala. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco.35
5664314674MayanOriginating in the Yucatan around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D. 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Belize.36
5664316487Chavin cultAn extinct, prehistoric civilization. The culture developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC. It extended its influence to other civilizations along the coast.37
5664318614MesoamericaA region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Developed in 1200 BCE it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Maya and the Olmec.38
5664321064San LorenzoOlmec period site located in Veracruz, Mexico.39
5673514561AchaemenidAlso known as the Persian Empire. Based in Western Asia. Founded by Cyrus the Great. Formation Began in 550 BCE40
5673514562SatrapyA provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire.41
5673518529ZoroastrianismEarly monotheistic religion founded in Iran about 3500 years ago. Founded by the prophet Zoroaster. Practiced Dualism42
5673522959Ahura MazdaSupreme god in the Zoroastrian religion43
5673522960CyrusFounder of the Persian Empire. Liberated the jews in Babylonia. Also called Cyrus the Second44
5673526732DariusOne of the rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty. Attempted to conquer Greece. Lost to Athens at Marathon in 490 BCE45
5673526733XerxesXerxes the great. Built a bridge across the Hellespont to invade the Greeks. Had his troops attack the water.46
5673529903AnatoliaAlso called the Asia Minor. Birthplace of the Ottoman Empire47
5673529904IoniaLocated in present day Turkey. Became focus of intellectual life of greece the "Ionian Awakening". First phase of greek classical period48
5673529905MarathonLocation of Battle of Marathon where the greeks defeated Darius and his persian army49
5673534331Confucianismsystem of teachins developed by Confucius. Major religion of the chinese civilization.Secular. Goal of followers is social harmony. 5 Cardinal relations- Ruler and subject; father and son; husband and wife, elder and younger brother, friend to friend50
5673534332Daoisma religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao51
5673534333Legalisma philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self interest. It was developed by the philosopher Han Feizi (c. 280 - 233 BCE)52
5673538668Filial Pietyis a confucian virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.53
5673538669Sericulturethe production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose.54
5673542508Menciusa fourth-century BCE Chinese thinker whose importance in the Confucian tradition is second only to that of Confucius himself. In many ways, he played the role of St. Paul to Confucius' Jesus, interpreting the thought of the master for subsequent ages while simultaneously impressing Confucius' ideas with his own philosophical stamp.55
5673546158Qin ShihuangdiQin Shi Huang was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China.56
5673546159Han Wudithe autocratic Chinese emperor (141-87 bc) who vastly increased the authority of the Han dynasty (206 bc-ad 220) and extended Chinese influence abroad. He made Confucianism the state religion of China.57
5673549129Jainisman ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. The aim of life is to achieve liberation of the soul.58
5673588365Siddhartha GuatamaBorn in Nepal in the 6th century B.C., he was a spiritual leader and teacher whose life serves as the foundation of the Buddhist religion.59
5673599400Mahabharataone of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. It is an epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes.60
5673599401Ramayanaan ancient Indian epic poem which narrates the struggle of the divine prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Along with the Mahabharata, it forms the Sanskrit Itihasa.61
5673612594Bhagavad-Gitaa 700-verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.62
5673618296Chandragupta Mauryathe founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state.63
5673618297Ashokaan Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE.64
5673621201Chandra Gupta (II)the founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state. 340-298BC65
5673626415SalamisHere, a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes occurred in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks.66
5673631412Antigonid EmpireMacedonian dynasty, ruling Macedonia from 294 to 168 BCE. Demetrius Poliorcetes. The family rose to power in the years after the death of Alexander the Great.67
5673634517Ptolemaic Empiredefinition: the area of Macedon and Greece, the smallest of the Hellenistic empires; cities such as Athens and Corinth flourished during the Hellenistic age and cities were overpopulated. Came to power after the death of Alexander the Great. significance: center of Greece, most influential68
5673638245Seleucid Empiredefinition: the largest kingdom that came of the division of Alexander's empire significance: helped diffuse Greek culture and ideas69
5673638246Epicureansfollowers of a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention.70
5673644201Skepticsa person who questions the validity or authenticity of something purporting to be factual.71
5673644202Stoicsa person who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining.72
5673648164Socratesa classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.73
5673648165Platoa philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Student of Socrates74
5673648166AristotleAncient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. When he turned 17, he enrolled in Plato's Academy. In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335, he founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing.75
5673652047Alexandera king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.76
5673652048PericlesThe so-called golden age of Athenian culture flourished under the leadership of him (495-429 B.C.), a brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and politician—"the first citizen" of democratic Athens, according to the historian Thucydides. He transformed his city's alliances into an empire and graced its Acropolis with the famous Parthenon. His policies and strategies also set the stage for the devastating Peloponnesian War, which would embroil all Greece in the decades following his death.77
5673655696Aeschylus(born 525/524 bc—died 456/455 bc, Gela, Sicily) the first of classical Athens' great dramatists, who raised the emerging art of tragedy to great heights of poetry and theatrical power.78
5673655697Sophocles498-406BCE: one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides.79
5673661068Euripides480-406BCE: one of the great Athenian playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, known for the many tragedies he wrote, including Medea and The Bacchae.80
5673661069Aristophanesthe most famous writer of Old Comedy plays in ancient Greece and his surviving works are the only examples of that style. His innovative and sometimes rough comedy could also hide more sophisticated digs at the political elite and deal with social issues such as cultural change and the role of women in society.81
5673661070Plebiansaverage working citizens of Rome - farmers, bakers, builders or craftsmen - who worked hard to support their families and pay their taxes.82
5673665186PatriciansRanked just below the emperor and his relatives, these families dominated Rome and its empire.83
5673665187Latifundasa large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or more recently in Spain or Latin America, typically worked by slaves.84
5673665188Punic Warsa series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place.85
5673670303Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.86
5673677774Mithraisma mystery religion centred around the god Mithras that was practised in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to the 4th century.87
5673677775Christianitya monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion.88
5673681914Julius Caesara Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.89
5673685544Augustus Caesarthe founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor, controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family.90
5673685545Jesus of Nazareth91
5673689050Paul of Tarsus92
5673689051Silk Roads93
5673691608Nestorians94
5673695767Manichacism95
5673699904Council of Nicaca96
5673699905Edict of Milan97
5673704520Zhang Qian98
5673708933Constantine99
5673712794Theodosius100
5673716177Attila the Hun101

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