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| 950788211 | Islam | A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad. | 0 | |
| 950788212 | Muslims | A follower of Islam. | 1 | |
| 273631894 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina. | 2 | |
| 994996095 | Five Pillars of Islam | true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime | 3 | |
| 994996096 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 4 | |
| 440387646 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. | 5 | |
| 440387647 | theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders. | 6 | |
| 293978107 | caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. A form of Islamic constitutional republic. | 7 | |
| 528052061 | Umayyad Dynasty | (661-750 CE)-Meccan merchant clan, capital at Damascus, ruled as conquerors and appointed elites for government positions | 8 | |
| 835568654 | Dome of the Rock | Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock;a large mosque built over the Temple | 9 | |
| 959704570 | Shiite (Shia) Islam | 10 | ||
| 727470750 | Sunni Islam | A faction of Islam that does not believe Ali and his hereditary line are the chosen successors, rather contending that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of people. | 11 | |
| 727470751 | Abbasid Dynasty | (750-1258 CE) Overthrew the Umayyads. Put in place things similar to what was already there so people would be familiar with it (ex. mosques that look like Ziggurats, similar coinage, etc.). Golden age of Islam during this dynasty. | 12 | |
| 847724272 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 13 | |
| 449800417 | Sufis | A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life. | 14 | |
| 780103950 | mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517). | 15 | |
| 475358307 | Ottoman Turks | A group of Turks from northwest Asia Minor who conquered Byzantine and Constantinople. Changed name of Constantinople to Istanbul. | 16 | |
| 613453868 | Middle Ages | (ca. 1000 - 1500)—period between the end of the classical era and the rediscovery of the classical era during the Renaissance. | 17 | |
| 780801411 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 18 | |
| 250852363 | Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia. | 19 | |
| 266438095 | Justinian Code | A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. | 20 | |
| 69552150 | Hagia Sophia | A church built by Justinian, means "Holy Wisdom" in Greek. | 21 | |
| 69552151 | Franks | A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages. | 22 | |
| 544477341 | Merovingian Dynasty | family that ruled the Franks from the 500s to the 700s (before the Carolingian Dynasty); The kingdom of Clovis and Charles Martel spread Christianity throughout France and expanded its territories. | 23 | |
| 195933294 | Carolingian Dynasty | A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987 CE. | 24 | |
| 877477994 | Holy Roman Empire | A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in AD 800 and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. | 25 | |
| 840777637 | Treaty of Verdun | (843 CE) Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms. | 26 | |
| 443866055 | Vikings | Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia: one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century. | 27 | |
| 1055195071 | Magyars | A people from Western Asia, who moved into central Europe at the end of the 9th century and settled on the plains of Hungary and invaded western Europe. | 28 | |
| 408489229 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. | 29 | |
| 408489230 | nobles | A member of a ruling family or one of high rank. | 30 | |
| 607736207 | vassals | In return for protection and land, they swore their allegiance to the lord and would fight for the lord. | 31 | |
| 607736208 | peasants | A farmer with a small farm. | 32 | |
| 647494797 | fiefs | Pieces of land given to vassals by their lord. | 33 | |
| 993652337 | manors | Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land | 34 | |
| 455105178 | chivalry | Code of conduct for knights and nobles during European Feudalism( Middle Ages). | 35 | |
| 455105179 | primogeniture | A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth. | 36 | |
| 516290967 | serfs | Men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection. | 37 | |
| 516290968 | burghers | Merchant class town dwellers. | 38 | |
| 531794884 | Hanseatic League | An economic(commercial) and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 39 | |
| 531794885 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 40 | |
| 716185151 | heresies | Beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings. | 41 | |
| 13947512 | the Inquisition | Church court that punished people suspected of heresy. | 42 | |
| 73631667 | Magna Carta | (1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom | 43 | |
| 805859504 | Hundred Years' War | (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | 44 | |
| 279263455 | Bourbons | A series of monarchs of France that unified it after the Hundred Years' War. It became a major power on the European continent. | 45 | |
| 790603046 | Spanish Inquisition | This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism. | 46 | |
| 964421686 | Tatars | Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact. | 47 | |
| 549956007 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 48 | |
| 168761633 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | 49 | |
| 168761634 | Yuan Dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats. | 50 | |
| 294366368 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. | 51 | |
| 68518267 | tribute system (Tang Dynasty) | 52 | ||
| 775378575 | moveable type | a system of printing in which small pieces of metal are created to represent each character (i.e. letters, punctuation marks, etc.); these metal pieces can be rearranged and reproduced as needed, making the printing process more efficient. | 53 | |
| 252563090 | Yamamoto Clan | First important ruling family of Japan; first and only dynasty to rule Japan. | 54 | |
| 252563091 | Shinto | A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits. | 55 | |
| 217616733 | Taika Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. | 56 | |
| 217992753 | Fujiwara Family | Ruling family in the 11th century where the central government power began to fall and feudal landowners began to dominate lands. The countryside was lawless and very dangerous at the time. | 57 | |
| 217992755 | shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name. | 58 | |
| 764140882 | daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun. | 59 | |
| 646762086 | Code of bushido | "The Way of the Warrior". Samurai Code of Conduct: Loyalty, Bravery, Honor. Those who broke the Code had to commit ritual suicide called Seppuku. | 60 | |
| 223649186 | Mongol Empire | An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe. | 61 | |
| 483879475 | Golden Horde | A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia. | 62 | |
| 999506737 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 63 | |
| 443264210 | Axum | A kingdom in Africa close to the Golden Horn that was tribute based in its centralization of authority. It creates a lasting Christian presence in Africa. | 64 | |
| 269942866 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 65 | |
| 616240252 | Benin Plaques | collection of more than 900 brass plaques from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin. | 66 | |
| 135074919 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 67 | |
| 135074920 | Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas. | 68 | |
| 553817578 | Machu Picchu | A city build by the Inca, in the Alps, devoted to religious ceremonies. | 69 | |
| 533398565 | Bubonic Plague | Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people. | 70 |
