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| 2029058081 | Genghis Khan | A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. | 0 | |
| 2029058082 | Golden Horde | A Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century | 1 | |
| 2029058083 | Kublai Khan | (r. 1260-1294 AD) Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China. He established the Yuan dynasty in 1271 and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo. | 2 | |
| 2029058084 | Yuan Empire | Kublai Khan (Mongol) conquered China, moved capital to Beijing, proclaimed Yuan Empire (1271-1368); reunified China and practiced tributary system; reinvigorated Silk Road trade routes | 3 | |
| 2029058085 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological and economic decline. | 4 | |
| 2029058086 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. | 5 | |
| 2029058087 | Mali | ... | 6 | |
| 2029058088 | Delhi Sultanate | (1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. | 7 | |
| 2029058089 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 8 | |
| 2029058090 | Black Death | ..., A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 | 9 | |
| 2029058091 | hanseatic league | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 10 | |
| 2029058092 | Kilwa | A city-state found on east African coast(Zenj); fishing limited trade from 800-1000; turned to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware; major trading center by 14th century | 11 | |
| 2029058093 | Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E. | 12 | |
| 2029058094 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 13 | |
| 2029058095 | Shi'ites | A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs. | 14 | |
| 2029058096 | Sunnis | "people who follow the Sunna (way of the Prophet)"; the largest branch of Islam; believers accepted the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad | 15 | |
| 2029058097 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 16 | |
| 2029058098 | Muhammad | About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. He believed in on God / Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in Quran | 17 | |
| 2029058099 | Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. | 18 | |
| 2029058100 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 19 | |
| 2029058101 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 20 | |
| 2029058102 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231) | 21 | |
| 2029058103 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. | 22 | |
| 2029058104 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 23 | |
| 2029058105 | Umayyad Caliphate | (661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. | 24 | |
| 2029058106 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234) | 25 | |
| 2029058107 | Mamluks | Captured Muslim, slave warriors from the Caspian region; established dynasty in Egypt; defeated Mongols in stopping their spread into Egypt. | 26 | |
| 2029058108 | Ghana | 10th century, islamic, rose from taxing gold and salt, fell 1076 when the Almoravids invaded | 27 | |
| 2029058109 | Ulama | the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community | 28 | |
| 2029058110 | Hadith | (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran | 29 | |
| 2029058111 | Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe | 30 | |
| 2029058112 | Medieval | European time period between the ancient world and the Renaissance, where the feudal system of government dominated. Social structure was based on the local nobleman and his villa. Weak kings formed the top of the social structure, with nobles, clergy, knights making up a ruling elite. The vast majority of Europeans were either peasants (farmers tied to work a specific land for a nobleman) or freemen (skilled workers). An often brutal and violent period, it was also remarkably stable, lasting 1,000 years largely unchanged. | 31 | |
| 2029058113 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 32 | |
| 2029058114 | Kievan Russia | Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | 33 | |
| 2029058115 | Schism | (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions | 34 | |
| 2029058116 | Manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. | 35 | |
| 2029058117 | Serf | A person required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another.(Farmer) | 36 | |
| 2029058118 | Fief | A fief under the system of the Fuedal System, consisted of inhertiable revenue producing land granted by a lord to a vassel (usually). This in return for allience when military support is needed | 37 | |
| 2029058119 | Vassal | (in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant.(Crop Production too) | 38 | |
| 2029058120 | Papacy | Status of papacy was closely tied to events in Italy. Papacy is the office of the pope and his affairs. The papacy required the political and military support of a powerful king but it also helped protect and rule country. | 39 | |
| 2029058121 | Holy Roman Empire | A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. | 40 | |
| 2029058122 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 41 | |
| 2029058123 | Monasticism | A style of Christian life which stresses communal living and communal worship along with private prayer, silence, poverty, chastity, and obedience. | 42 | |
| 2029058124 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269) | 43 | |
| 2029058125 | Crusades | (1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 44 | |
| 2029058126 | Pilgrimages | Going to Jerusalem in order to pardon their sins and guarantee paradise; pilgrims were nobles and families but above all, lots of poor people; called the Croises because of their red crosses of red cloth | 45 | |
| 2029058127 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277) | 46 | |
| 2029058128 | Tang Empire | This Chinese dynasty ruled from 618 to 907 C.E.Under the Tang, trade and scholarship flourished, and its capital city of Changan grew to be the largest in the world. Buddhism, supported by Empress Wu,initially spread greatly throughout China. However, a later backlash resulted in an anti-Buddhist campaign that weakened the religion's influence. The subsequent rise of neo-Confucianism was influential throughout East Asia | 47 | |
| 2029058129 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277) | 48 | |
| 2029058130 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances. | 49 | |
| 2029058131 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world. Killed 1/3 of the population. | 50 | |
| 2029058132 | Uighurs | A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. | 51 | |
| 2029058133 | Tibet | A province of China located in the southwestern part of the country. When it was an independent country its government was a theocracy under the leadership of Buddhist Lamas (monks.) In 1959 the Dalai Lama fled to India during a Tibetan revolt against Chinese control of Tibet. | 52 | |
| 2029058134 | Song Empire | Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285) | 53 | |
| 2029058135 | Junk | ... | 54 | |
| 2029058136 | Gunpowder | A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. IN later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets | 55 | |
| 2029058137 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 56 | |
| 2029058138 | Zen | ... | 57 | |
| 2029058139 | Movable Type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century. | 58 | |
| 2029058140 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. | 59 | |
| 2029058141 | Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 60 | |
| 2029058142 | Kamakura Shogunate | A military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 133. It was based in Kamakura which was the capital of the shogunate. | 61 | |
| 2029058143 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. | 62 | |
| 2029058144 | Teotihuacan | (p. 452-453) means "City of the Gods". First major civilization of central Mexico. Ruins lie just outside of Mexico City. At its height, it was home to about 150,000-200,000 people, earning its status as one of the largest cities in the world at the time. Became a center of a thriving trade network that extended far into Central America. Was well known for obsidian. According to theory, it abruptly declined due to an invasion by outside forces or conflict among the city's ruling classes. | 63 | |
| 2029058145 | Chinampas | Artificial gardens on floating islands/farms that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Built because of lack of available farmland | 64 | |
| 2029058146 | Maya | Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion | 65 | |
| 2029058147 | TolTecs | 70 miles north of Mexico City. Toltecs built their capital city there. 10th-12th centuries the Toltecs dominated most of mexico | 66 | |
| 2029058148 | Aztecs | A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire. | 67 | |
| 2029058149 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 68 | |
| 2029058150 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 69 | |
| 2029058151 | Anasazi | A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings | 70 | |
| 2029058152 | Chiefdom | A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people. | 71 | |
| 2029058153 | Khipu | System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true. | 72 | |
| 2029058154 | Ayllu | In Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples. | 73 | |
| 2029058155 | Mit'a | Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor. In the Inca Empire, public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network. Military service was also mandatory | 74 | |
| 2029058156 | Moche | A civilization that coexisted with Nazca, but on northern Peruvian coast. They watered corn, bean, potato, squash, and peanut crops with irrigation from rivers flowing from the Andes mountains. They created beautiful jewelry and pottery. They pictured themselves healing, weaving, and playing musical instruments. They never developed writing. Also, their religion and reasons for falling aren't understood. | 75 | |
| 2029058157 | Tiwanaku | Name of the capital city and empire centered on the region near lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 - 1000 CE). Was distinguished by the scale of its construction and the high quality of its stone masonry | 76 | |
| 2029058158 | Wari | (Adverb) Marked by keen caution, cunning, and watchfulness especially in detecting and escaping danger | 77 | |
| 2029058159 | Inca | From the Latin, meaning "to become flesh," referring to the mystery of Jesus Christ, the divine Son of God, becoming man. In the Incarnation, Jesus Christ became truly man while remaining truly God. | 78 | |
| 2029058160 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 79 | |
| 2029058161 | Nomadism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326) | 80 | |
| 2029058162 | Yuan Empire | He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan. | 81 | |
| 2029058163 | Il-Khan | A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333) | 82 | |
| 2029058164 | Golden Horde | A Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century | 83 | |
| 2029058165 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. | 84 | |
| 2029058166 | Rashid Al-Din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. | 85 | |
| 2029058167 | Nasir-Al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. | 86 | |
| 2029058168 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 87 | |
| 2029058169 | Tsar | From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551) | 88 | |
| 2029058170 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 89 | |
| 2029058171 | Khubilai Khan | Chinggis Khan's grandson, he led the conquest of China in 1279. Unlike most Mongol leaders, he spent most of his life in China and moved the capital out of Mongolia. He was the first foreigner to rule the entire country of China by establishing the Yuan Dynasty, and opening China up to more trade and contact with the rest of Asia. He made use of existing systems, and restored the Grand Canal. However, he failed to conquer beyond China and all expeditions were complete failures. | 90 | |
| 2029058172 | lama | ... | 91 | |
| 2029058173 | Beijing | Became the capital of China during the Ming Dynasty because of its centralized location | 92 | |
| 2029058174 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 93 | |
| 2029058175 | Yongle | Chinese emperor (reigned 1402-1422) during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous fleet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asia and eastern Africa | 94 | |
| 2029058176 | Zheng He | (1371-1433) An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 95 | |
| 2029058177 | Yi | ... | 96 | |
| 2029058178 | Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. | 97 | |
| 2029058179 | Ashikaga Shogunate | The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. | 98 | |
| 2029058180 | Tropics | Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. | 99 | |
| 2029058181 | monsoon | A regional scale wind system that predictably change direction with the passing of the seasons. These winds blow from land to sea in the winter, and from sea to land in the summer. In summer they are often accompanied with precipitation. | 100 | |
| 2029058182 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. | 101 | |
| 2029058183 | Delhi Sultanate | (1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire. | 102 | |
| 2029058184 | Mali | ... | 103 | |
| 2029058185 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 104 | |
| 2029058186 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. | 105 | |
| 2029058187 | Dhow | ... | 106 | |
| 2029058188 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383) | 107 | |
| 2029058189 | Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E. | 108 | |
| 2029058190 | Aden | ... | 109 | |
| 2029058191 | Malacca | City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base. | 110 | |
| 2029058192 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s | 111 | |
| 2029058193 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388 | 112 | |
| 118334928 | treaty of tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 113 | |
| 639534676 | Protestant Reformation | 1517 Martin Luther's 95 Thesis condemned many Catholic practices including use of indulgences, preached ppl could be saved only by grace, downplayed the role of the clergy as mediators, look to the Bible, not church officials or doctrine, as ultimate authority. Calvin took it to predestination. | 114 | |
| 2152136964 | protestant reformation | 1517 Martin Luther's 95 Thesis condemned many Catholic practices including use of indulgences, preached ppl could be saved only by grace, downplayed the role of the clergy as mediators, look to the Bible, not church officials or doctrine, as ultimate authority. Calvin took it to predestination. | 115 | |
| 2152203557 | martin luther | 16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith | 116 | |
| 2152254782 | catholic reformation | 16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous refor effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church. | 117 | |
| 2152330822 | Jesuit | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia | 118 | |
| 2152386343 | Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 119 | |
| 2152434954 | Galileo | (1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life. | 120 | |
| 2152465824 | Robert Boyle | (1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt. | 121 | |
| 2152531611 | newton | (1642-1727) An English natural philosopher who studied at Cambridge and eventually developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics. Published Principia Mathematica and discovered the law of universal gravitation. | 122 | |
| 2152651888 | Enlightenment | 18th century, Enlightenment - secular tradition has begun to expand and incorporate other areas of life; Define natural laws to predict and explain phenomenon becomes an increasingly accepted part of society as well - natural sciences and then to development of social sciences; The movement of the Enlightenment finds itself in a cultural war with the church as increasingly more areas of European life that were previously dominated by religion are now developing cultural battles for new understandings (natural laws); No longer under the dark rule of superstition - becoming enlightened | 123 | |
| 2152755711 | columbian exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. | 124 | |
| 2152806168 | creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. American born descendants of Europeans | 125 | |
| 2152842690 | mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | 126 | |
| 2152859346 | mulattos | persons of mixed european and african ancestry | 127 | |
| 2153051440 | joint stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 128 | |
| 2153058464 | stock exchange | A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. | 129 | |
| 2153068953 | deforestation | Loss of forests | 130 | |
| 2153072634 | english civil war | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 131 | |
| 2153086934 | balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | 132 | |
| 2153093063 | columbian exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. | 133 | |
| 2153100583 | encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 134 | |
| 2153107346 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 135 | |
| 2153133546 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 136 | |
| 2153153218 | hernan cortez | A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire | 137 | |
| 2153156711 | moctezuma | Aztec Emperor | 138 | |
| 2153158718 | francisco pizarro | Conquered Incas | 139 | |
| 2153160892 | atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438) | 140 | |
| 2153165348 | european renaissance | The era was marked by a revival of the art, architecture, thought, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. | 141 | |
| 2153175574 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 142 | |
| 2153186309 | indulgence | A pardon from the Church for your sins? | 143 | |
| 2153193723 | protestant reformation | 16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther | 144 | |
| 2153196827 | catholic reformation | A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation | 145 | |
| 2340756415 | francios dominique toussaint l' ouverture | a former domestic slave. He created a disciplined military force. He was politically strengthened when the National Convention abolished slavery. | 146 | |
| 2340774335 | maximilien robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. | 147 | |
| 2340795829 | Declaration of the rights man | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens | 148 | |
| 2340818091 | Napolean Bonaparte | A great military leader who seized power in France and made himself an emperor. He restored orders at home and tried to create a vast empire | 149 | |
| 2340841864 | national assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | 150 | |
| 2340883784 | estates general | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585) | 151 | |
| 2365644871 | laissez faire | Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. | 152 | |
| 2365682344 | merchantilism | The belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import | 153 | |
| 2365705773 | utopian socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616 | 154 | |
| 2365730589 | adam smith | (1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society | 155 | |
| 2365746570 | robert owen | (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | 156 | |
| 2365756983 | Factory Act of 1833 | An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours. | 157 | |
| 2385360143 | Nawab | A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. | 158 | |
| 2385364798 | Sepoy | (1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the soldiers had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim soldiers who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu soldiers who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the soldiers revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony. | 159 | |
| 2385519807 | Afrikaners | South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735) | 160 | |
| 2385531020 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | 161 | |
| 2385547844 | Indian Civil Service | The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. | 162 | |
| 2385556203 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. | 163 | |
| 2394312161 | Adam Smith | 1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country- not how much stacks of gold you have; colonization is dumb | 164 | |
| 2394355372 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858) Utopian socialists who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most noteable was New Harmony (1826) which failed. | 165 | |
| 2394406911 | Factory Act of 1833 | limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers | 166 | |
| 2394514458 | Popular Sovereignty | Federal policy where residents in the western territories would hold local elections to vote and decide whether the territory would allow or abolish slavery. | 167 | |
| 2394595215 | Representative Democracy | A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. | 168 | |
| 2394670348 | junta central | Created by Spanish patriots fighting against the French (around 1808) to administer the areas they controlled. Most Spaniards viewed it as temporary patriotic institution created to govern Spain while king was French prisoner. Claimed the right to exercise king's powers over Spain's colonies. Some colonies, however, did not view this as a legitimate authority and rebelled. | 169 | |
| 2394777855 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 170 | |
| 2394830586 | miguel hidalgo y costilla | Parish priest in Mexico who led a peasant rebellion against the colonial rule. He was later captured by the more conservative Creoles and executed, but his rebellion kept going for 3 years after his death. He is now the symbol of Mexican Independence. And the day he started his revolt, Sept. 16, 1810, is now Mexico's principal national holiday. | 171 | |
| 2394871782 | Jose Maria Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626) | 172 | |
| 2394908198 | Pedro I | son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor | 173 | |
| 2395056062 | Abolition | A person who believed in the abolishment or abolition of Negro slavery | 174 | |
| 2395276643 | Tippu Tip | Tippu Tip (1830-1905) was a trader from Zanzibar, who was Swahili and Nyamwezi on his father's side and Omani Arab on his mother's. Tip created a detailed memoir of his adventures in the heart of Africa, written in the Swahili language of the coast. In it he mocked innocent African villagers for believing that his gunshots were thunder. Tip is blamed for the pillage and havoc in the once-peaceful center of Africa. Tip also graciously aided Livingstone, Stanley, and other explorers in the remote center of the continent praised their host's intelligence and refinement. | 175 | |
| 2395407965 | Sepoy Rebellion | 176 |
