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| 5519081668 | Neolithic Agricultural Revolution | This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. | 0 | |
| 5519082823 | Paleolithic Agricultural Revolution | The Paleolithic Era (or Old Stone Age) is a period of prehistory from about 2.6 million years ago to around 10,000 years ago. Paleolithic humans lived a nomadic lifestyle in small groups. Gathering of food was their main objective. | 1 | |
| 5519082824 | Catal Huyuk | Çatalhöyük was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. | 2 | |
| 5519083908 | Jericho | one of the two largest agri settlesments of Neolithic age, only settlements with permanent structures with 100+ people living in them. Made buildings out of mud brick. Jericho- 8000bce, surrounded by huge stone wall, tells us it was under threat from other people or form pastoralists. nomadic communities and agri settled communities in conflict, probably reason of the stone wall. | 3 | |
| 5519083909 | Civilization | A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes | 4 | |
| 5519084528 | Mesopotamia | region of great cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BCE, and which was founded in the Fertile Crescent "land between the rivers" | 5 | |
| 5519084529 | City-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. | 6 | |
| 5519085282 | Irrigation | The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops. With the invention of this technique, lands were able to be farmed that previously could not have been | 7 | |
| 5519085283 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 8 | |
| 5519085284 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. | 9 | |
| 5519086167 | Scribe | A professional writer | 10 | |
| 5519086168 | Ziggurat | A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top | 11 | |
| 5519087584 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE | 12 | |
| 5519087585 | Egypt | This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing. society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead | 13 | |
| 5519088921 | Pharaoh | A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. | 14 | |
| 5519089866 | Pyramid | A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the King. The largest pyramids, erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis with stone tools and compulsory labor, reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divine ruler would guarantee the continued prosperity of the land. | 15 | |
| 5519090647 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan | 16 | |
| 5519091762 | Mohenjo Daro | A city of the ancient Harappan civilization, located in the Indus valley Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system. | 17 | |
| 5519094871 | Papyrus | A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. | 18 | |
| 5519094872 | Bronze | a strong metal alloy made from copper | 19 | |
| 5519096014 | Shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period. | 20 | |
| 5519096015 | Zhou | Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties. The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. | 21 | |
| 5519097752 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 22 | |
| 5519098471 | Confucius | (551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. | 23 | |
| 5519098472 | Daoism | Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature. | 24 | |
| 5519099639 | Yin Yang | In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. | 25 | |
| 5519099640 | Qin | Chinese dynasty in 200s BCE. Lasted 15 years. Unified Chinese kingdoms, built the Great Wall and its emperor was the legalistic Shi Huangdi. A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects. | 26 | |
| 5519099641 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 27 | |
| 5519100518 | Kush | An ancient civilization in Africa. It is often referred to as Nubia and was similar to Ancient Egypt in many aspects including government, culture, and religion. In battle, Kush was famous for its archers. One of the most famous Kushite leaders was Piye who conquered Egypt and became pharaoh. | 28 | |
| 5519100519 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 29 | |
| 5519100520 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. | 30 | |
| 5519101427 | Llama | A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. Used by the Chavins | 31 | |
| 5519101428 | Olmec Heads | Monumental stone heads c. 800-400 BCE in San Lorenzo. Many sculptures defaced, evidence that there was uprisings against leaders and the long term instability of Olmec society | 32 | |
| 5519102774 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 BCE, he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. | 33 | |
| 5519102776 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 BCE). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). | 34 | |
| 5519104164 | Satrap | "protector of the kingdom" the governor of a province of the Persian Empire under Darius | 35 | |
| 5519107000 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland | 36 | |
| 5519107001 | Zoroastrianism | A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail. One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. | 37 | |
| 5519108186 | Athens | A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy. A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. | 38 | |
| 5519108187 | Polis | A city-state in ancient Greece. | 39 | |
| 5519108188 | Pericles | Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. | 40 | |
| 5519109101 | Democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 41 | |
| 5519109102 | Herodotus | Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. | 42 | |
| 5519109234 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | 43 | |
| 5519110619 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Perisa--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture. | 44 | |
| 5519110620 | Socrates | (470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. | 45 | |
| 5519111627 | Plato | Plato was a student of Socrates. He wrote down all of his conversations with his teacher. He had a vision of a perfectly governed society in which all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. His work dominated philosophic thought in Europe for 1500 years. | 46 | |
| 5519111628 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. | 47 | |
| 5519111629 | Alexander the Great | He and his father defeated and united the weakened Greek city-states and he defeated the Persian Empire in 330 BCE thus spreading Greek culture and influence throughout Western Asia. | 48 | |
| 5519113134 | Peloponnesian War | War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great. | 49 | |
| 5519113135 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras. | 50 | |
| 5519113900 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 51 | |
| 5519113901 | Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. | 52 | |
| 5519114694 | Augustus | (63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar. | 53 | |
| 5519114695 | Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion. | 54 | |
| 5519114696 | Aqueduct | A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization. | 55 | |
| 5519116506 | Diocletian | (245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. | 56 | |
| 5519116507 | Constantine | (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. | 57 | |
| 5519117913 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 58 | |
| 5519117914 | Shi Haungdi | First emperor of the Qin Dynasty; ruled autocracy; finished the Great Wall and created the terra cotta army | 59 | |
| 5519119234 | Han Dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity | 60 | |
| 5519123070 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors. | 61 |
