Notecards
Terms : Hide Images
| 224751840 | Bedouin | a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs | 0 | |
| 224751841 | Medina | the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa | 1 | |
| 224751842 | Umayyad | the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus | 2 | |
| 224751843 | Kaa'ba | (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 3 | |
| 224751844 | Quran | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 4 | |
| 224751845 | Sakat | crippled, lame | 5 | |
| 224751846 | Five Pillars | beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage | 6 | |
| 224751847 | Caliph | the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 7 | |
| 224751848 | Ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites | 8 | |
| 224751849 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 9 | |
| 224751850 | Jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 10 | |
| 224751851 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 11 | |
| 224751852 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 12 | |
| 224751853 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225) | 13 | |
| 224751854 | Shi'i | the division of Islam dominant in Iraq and Iran, originating as a result of an early dispute over leadership; distinguishable from Sunni Islam mainly by its figure of the Imam and strong messianic expectations | 14 | |
| 224751855 | Jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 15 | |
| 224751856 | Dhimmis | A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society | 16 | |
| 224751857 | Abbasids | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250. | 17 | |
| 224751858 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 18 | |
| 224751859 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 19 | |
| 229078213 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 20 | |
| 229078214 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 21 | |
| 229078215 | Al-biruni | first Muslim scholar to study india and Brahman tradition; anthropologist and scientific method | 22 | |
| 229078216 | Al-razi | greatest physician of the Muslim world | 23 | |
| 229078217 | Ibn khaldun | Muslim historian | 24 | |
| 229078218 | Saladin | The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187. | 25 | |
| 229078219 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 26 | |
| 229078220 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads | 27 | |
| 229078221 | Sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced. | 28 | |
| 229233745 | Nok | West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting | 29 | |
| 229233746 | Rajas | a war leader who was responsible for protecting the people. The people were bonded under the rule of the rajas. Rajas got pay in food or money for doing their job. | 30 | |
| 229233747 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 31 | |
| 229233748 | Hulegu | ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad | 32 | |
| 229233749 | Holy land | an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean | 33 | |
| 229233750 | Sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) | 34 | |
| 229233751 | Latten sails | Large triangular sails connected to the Mast | 35 | |
| 229233752 | Arabic Numerals | A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today. | 36 | |
| 229233753 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 37 | |
| 229233754 | Sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 38 | |
| 229233755 | Groits | Story tellers and song writers who spread the oral traditions. | 39 | |
| 229233756 | Stateless societies | african societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 40 | |
| 229233757 | Maghrib | the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco | 41 | |
| 229233758 | Almoravids | Group that attacked Ghana and ruined their trade routes | 42 | |
| 229233759 | Almohads | Another group of Berbers, this group began as a religious movement in the Atlas mountains of Morocco. | 43 | |
| 229233760 | Sahel | a strip of land that divides the desert from wetter areas | 44 | |
| 229233761 | Mali | a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa | 45 | |
| 229233762 | Mansa | Title of the ruler of Mali | 46 | |
| 229233763 | Zenji | Arabic term for the people and coast of east Africa. | 47 | |
| 229233764 | Yoruba | a member of a West African people living chiefly in southwestern Nigeria | 48 | |
| 229233765 | Kongo Kingdom | Large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo. | 49 | |
| 229369448 | East African Trading Ports | Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. | 50 | |
| 229369449 | Great Zimbabwe | a powerful southeast African city | 51 | |
| 229369450 | Mahmud of ghanzi | leader of the Turks in Afghanistan; destruction of Hindu and Buddhist places and hastened decline of Buddhism' tried to encourage Indians to turn to Islam but failed | 52 | |
| 229369451 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 53 | |
| 236027699 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians | 54 | |
| 236027700 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 55 | |
| 236027701 | Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman law; revised Roman law as coherent basis for political and economic life | 56 | |
| 236027702 | Icons | religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions | 57 | |
| 236027703 | Iconclasm | destruction of religious images known as icons in byzantine empire | 58 | |
| 236027704 | Battle of Manzikert | (1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium. | 59 | |
| 236027705 | Kiev | capital and largest city of the Ukraine | 60 | |
| 236027706 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 61 | |
| 236027707 | Boyars | Russian nobles | 62 | |
| 236027708 | Tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact | 63 | |
| 236027709 | Constantinople | the largest city and former capital of Turkey | 64 | |
| 236027710 | Orthodox Christian Church | Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. (also called the Byzantine Church) | 65 | |
| 236027711 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 66 | |
| 236027712 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome | 67 | |
| 236027713 | Sassanian Empire | (227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion. | 68 | |
| 236027714 | Tsar | a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) | 69 | |
| 236027715 | Cyrillic Alphabet | Alphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it to help convert the Slavs to Orthodox Christianity | 70 |
