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| 151688336 | Abbas the Great | (1571-1629) Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533) | 0 | |
| 151688337 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234) | 1 | |
| 151688338 | abolitionists | Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. British abolitionist pressed for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War(1861-1865). (p.636) | 2 | |
| 151688339 | absolutism | The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452) | 3 | |
| 151688340 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541) | 4 | |
| 151688341 | acculturation | The adoption of the lagauge, customs, values, and behaviors of of host nations by immagrants. (p.640) | 5 | |
| 151688342 | acllas | Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318) | 6 | |
| 151688343 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385) | 7 | |
| 151688344 | African National Congress | An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. (p. 809) | 8 | |
| 151688345 | Afrikaners | South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. (pp. 665, 735) | 9 | |
| 151688346 | Agricultural Revolution(s) (ancient) | The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17) | 10 | |
| 151688347 | Agricultural Revolution (eighteenth century) | The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. (p. 600) | 11 | |
| 151688348 | Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869-1964) | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philoppines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743) | 12 | |
| 151688349 | Akbar I (1542-1605) | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of concilliation with Hindus. (p. 536) | 13 | |
| 151688350 | Akhentaten | Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.) He built a new capital at Armana, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship over the sun-disk. The Armana letters, largely from his reign, preserve official correspondence with subjects and neighbors. (p. 66) | 14 | |
| 151743638 | Alexander (356-323B.C.E.) | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136) | 15 | |
| 151743639 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. (p. 138) | 16 | |
| 151743640 | Allende, Salvador (1908-1973) | Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856) | 17 | |
| 151743641 | All-India Muslim League | Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan. (p. 813) | 18 | |
| 151743642 | amulet | Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people. (p. 37) | 19 | |
| 151743643 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest of the United States(1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308) | 20 | |
| 151743644 | aqueduct | A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156) | 21 | |
| 151743645 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423) | 22 | |
| 151743646 | Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792) | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revoliution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once. (p. 604) | 23 | |
| 151743647 | Armenia | One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221) | 24 | |
| 151743648 | Asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain's Gold Coast in 1902. (p. 736) | 25 | |
| 151743649 | Ashikaga Shogunate | The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365) | 26 | |
| 151743650 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184) | 27 | |
| 151743651 | Ashur | Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94) | 28 | |
| 151743652 | Asian Tigers | Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861) | 29 | |
| 151743653 | Atahualpa (1502?-1533) | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438) | 30 | |
| 151743654 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497) | 31 | |
| 151743655 | Augustus (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) | Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After defeating all the rivals, between 31 B.C.E. and 14 C.E. he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. | 32 | |
| 151743656 | Auschwitz | Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800) | 33 | |
| 151743657 | australopithecines | the several extinct humanlike primates that existed during the Pleistocene era (genus Australopithecus). (p. 9) | 34 | |
| 151743658 | autocracy | The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553) | 35 | |
| 151743659 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312) | 36 | |
| 151743660 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305) | 37 | |
| 151743661 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29) | 38 | |
| 151743662 | balance of power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455) | 39 | |
| 151743663 | Balfour Declaration | Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761) | 40 | |
| 151743664 | Bannermen | Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684) | 41 | |
| 151743665 | Bantu | Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. (p. 219) | 42 | |
| 151743666 | Batavia | Fort established in ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 795) | 43 | |
| 151743667 | Battle of Midway | U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795) | 44 | |
| 151743668 | Battle of Omdurman | British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730) | 45 | |
| 151743669 | Beijing | China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351) | 46 | |
| 151743670 | Bengal | Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. The 1905 split of the province into predominantly Hindu West Bengal and predominantly Muslim East Bengal (now Bangladesh) sparked anti-British riots. (p. 812) | 47 | |
| 151743671 | Berlin Conference | Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732) | 48 | |
| 151743672 | Bhagavad-Gita | The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185) | 49 | |
| 151764469 | bipedalism | The ability to walk upright on 2 legs, characteristic of homonoids. (p. 9) | 50 | |
| 151764470 | Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898) | Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. (p. 714) | 51 | |
| 151764471 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397) | 52 | |
| 151764472 | Bolívar, Simón | The most importan military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623) | 53 | |
| 151764473 | Bolsheviks | Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761) | 54 | |
| 151764474 | Borobodur | A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (p. 193) | 55 | |
| 151764475 | bourgeosie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459) | 56 | |
| 151764476 | Brant, Joseph (1742-1807) | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581) | 57 | |
| 151764477 | breech-loading rifle | Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681) | 58 | |
| 151764478 | British raj | The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659) | 59 | |
| 151764479 | bubonic plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crisises in many parts of the world in many countries. (p. 280) | 60 | |
| 151764480 | Buddha (563-483 B.C.E.) | An Indian prince named Siddhartha Guatama, who renounced his wealth adn social position. After becoming "enlightened" (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia. (See also Mahanyana Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism.) (p. 180) | 61 | |
| 151764481 | business cycles | Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615) | 62 | |
| 151764482 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (see also Ottoman Empire) (p.250) | 63 | |
| 151764483 | caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232) | 64 | |
| 151764484 | capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from the industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. (p. 506) | 65 | |
| 151764485 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427) | 66 | |
| 151764486 | Cárdenas, Lázaro (1895-1970) | President of Mexico (1934-1940) He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing represenatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of plitics, and nationalizing the oil industry. (p. 820) | 67 | |
| 151764487 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) | 68 | |
| 151764488 | Caste War | A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901. (p. 636) | 69 | |
| 151764489 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 70 | |
| 151764490 | Celts | Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, conquered by Romans (p. 90) | 71 | |
| 151764491 | Champa | A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366) | 72 | |
| 151764492 | Champa rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295) | 73 | |
| 151764493 | Chang'an | City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. (p. 164) | 74 | |
| 151764494 | Charlemagne (742-814) | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. (p. 254) | 75 | |
| 151764495 | chartered companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498) | 76 | |
| 151764496 | Chavín | First major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.) . It's capital, Chavín de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavín became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region that included two distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills. (p. 89) | 77 | |
| 151764497 | Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jeshi: 1887-1975) | General and leader of National China after 1925. Although he succeded Sun Yat-Sen as head of the Guomindang, he bacame a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788) | 78 | |
| 151764498 | chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311) | 79 | |
| 151764499 | Chimú | Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314) | 80 | |
| 151764500 | chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301) | 81 | |
| 151764501 | city-state | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32) | 82 | |
| 151764502 | civilization | an ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. (p. 28) | 83 | |
| 151764503 | Cixi, Empress Dowager (1835-1908) | Empress of China and the mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721) | 84 | |
| 151764504 | clipper ship | Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666) | 85 | |
| 151764505 | Cold War (1945-1991) | The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world infulence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. (See also North Atlantic Trade Organization; Warsaw Pact.) (p. 831) | 86 | |
| 151764506 | colonialism | Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731) | 87 | |
| 151764507 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472) | 88 | |
| 151764508 | Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506) | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic establishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and th Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p.430) | 89 | |
| 151764509 | Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation. | 90 | |
| 151764510 | Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. (p. 62) | 91 | |
| 151764511 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594) | 92 | |
| 151764512 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cortés, Hernán; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436) | 93 | |
| 151764513 | Constantine (285-337 C.E.) | Roman Emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p. 159) | 94 | |
| 151764514 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583) | 95 | |
| 151764515 | constitutionalism | The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452) | 96 | |
| 151764516 | contract of indenture | A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670) | 97 | |
| 151764517 | Cortés, Hernán (1485-1547) | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 436) | 98 | |
| 151764518 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552) | 99 |
