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| 7206493561 | Paleolithic | The early age of the Stone Age which lasted 2.5 million years and when primitive stone tools were implemented. | 0 | |
| 7206501321 | Neolithic | Relating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. | 1 | |
| 7206503388 | hominids | A creature belonging to the family hominidae, which includes human & humanlike species | 2 | |
| 7206503389 | nomads | A member of a community of people who move from one place to another, either with their livestock or subsisting on hunting and gathering. | 3 | |
| 7206503390 | slash and burn | A farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land | 4 | |
| 7206503711 | pastoralists | A farmer that raises sheep or cattle. | 5 | |
| 7206503712 | barter | The direct exchange of goods without involving money | 6 | |
| 7206503925 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tools. | 7 | |
| 7206503926 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. | 8 | |
| 7206505368 | Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, such as religions and products, as with trade. | 9 | |
| 7206505369 | city state | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. | 10 | |
| 7206505684 | Hammurabi | King of Mesopotamia who developed a set of codes which were more like laws that proclaim the kings commitment to social order. | 11 | |
| 7206505685 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The first story that has ever been written. There was a giant flood that took out mankind in it. | 12 | |
| 7206506137 | theocracy | - a government thought to be guided by a divine power - controlled by religious leaders | 13 | |
| 7206506138 | polytheism | Belief in more than one God | 14 | |
| 7206506698 | hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 15 | |
| 7206506699 | pharaoh | The Egyptian ruler. He was often seen as divine and part of the sun. | 16 | |
| 7206506963 | Harappa | Along with Mohenjo-Daro, this great Indus Valley city was well-planned, with residents enjoying piped water, bath and drainage systems, and included a walled central city where rulers lived and where surplus crops were stored as taxes. | 17 | |
| 7206507964 | Mohenjo Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system; One of the first settlements in India | 18 | |
| 7206507965 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects. | 19 | |
| 7206508453 | dynasty | A powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time and where rule is passed down heretically. | 20 | |
| 7206508454 | Shang | First organized river society, introduced writing on oracles bones, local trade, ancestor worship, bronze age, Huang He river. Went from 1766 BCE - 1027 BCE . | 21 | |
| 7206508455 | Zhou | Originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty., The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61), The Zhou Dynasty (POJ: Chiu Tiau; 1122 BC to 256 BC) was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history—though the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. During the Zhou, the use of iron was introduced to China, while this period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making. The dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved from the ancient stage as seen in early Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, to the beginnings of the modern stage, in the form of the archaic clerical script of the late Warring States period. | 22 | |
| 7206508763 | patriarchal | A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. | 23 | |
| 7206508764 | Qin | The Chinese dynasty (221 BC to 204 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall, Replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. Burned a lot of books that would be "subversive" to his autocratic rule. There was the National Census, Great Wall of China, standardization of coinage, weights, and measures throughout the entire realm, and made all script length uniform. Shi Huangdi unpopularity lead to the dynastys downfall and a peasant family established the Han Dynasty | 24 | |
| 7206509775 | Shi Huangdi | The Chinese ruler(First Emperor) who came to power in 221 B.C. and unified and expanded China by ending internal battles and conquering rival states, established the brief Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE, which only lasted for 14 years. Name means the "the tiger". He vigorously organized and centralized the government into a bureaucracy , selected his officials from non-aristocratic backgrounds. He also built the Great Wall of China(3000 miles) to the North to protect against nomadic invaders. | 25 | |
| 7206509776 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 26 | |
| 7206510131 | filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 27 | |
| 7206510136 | Analects | Also known as the Analects of Confucius, are a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held Animism - The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature | 28 | |
| 7206510393 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 29 | |
| 7206510394 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 30 | |
| 7206510911 | Era of Waring States | (402-201 BCE); regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty died;, 441-221 B.C.E. Feudal lords fight amongst each other for territory and power. Ethics of war are broken and new rules are less-gentlemen like. | 31 | |
| 7206510912 | mean people | people of the lowest status; did unskilled jobs; wore a green scarf to show their status; punished harsher for crimes; | 32 | |
| 7206511238 | scholar gentry | (knowledgable gentlemen) Chinese class created by the marital approach; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 33 | |
| 7206511239 | bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected) | 34 | |
| 7206511577 | civil service examinations | Ancient exam system used to determine a young man's future position. Based on Confucian classics. | 35 | |
| 7206511578 | Silk Roads | The Silk Roads were a series of roads that connected cities across Asia.It not only spread goods, but it spread culture and ideas. | 36 | |
| 7206511806 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society | 37 | |
| 7206511807 | Maurya | An Indian Empire that had a bureaucratic administration. It unified all of India into a peaceful and stable empire save for the southern tip of India. Which was overthrown when it overtaxed the people. | 38 | |
| 7206511831 | Ashoka | The emperor who strengthened his control on his bureaucracy and built Pataliputra. He also supported Buddhism and built many statues and pillars to announce laws. His death sent the Mauryan Empire into decline. He brought the Maurya empire to its heights and built many roads and irrigation systems to increase trade. | 39 | |
| 7317527524 | Kautilya | political adviser to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise | 40 | |
| 7317527525 | Gupta | The empire that unified India after the Maurya Empire and was established through alliances instead of conquest | 41 | |
| 7317529219 | Chandragupta | Was the founder of the Mauryan empire who used the turmoil from Alexander the Greats attack to unify India. | 42 | |
| 7317529220 | regionalism | People being more loyal to an area than a nation | 43 | |
| 7317532516 | caste system | Social System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven | 44 | |
| 7317532517 | Hinduism | a religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation | 45 | |
| 7317532518 | Upanishads | A book of religous works that talked about reincarnation and explained the Vedas. Hinduism and the Caste System were based off of these writings | 46 | |
| 7317534133 | Vedas | Collections of orally transmitted works of the Aryans. It includes hymns and prayers praising Aryan gods | 47 | |
| 7317534134 | nirvana | Buddhist state of enlightenment; state of tranquility | 48 | |
| 7317534135 | moksha | A dreamless eternal sleep that frees a soul from suffering. Occurs when you are reunited with Brahman and escape reincarnation | 49 | |
| 7317535442 | Siddhartha | the founder of buddhism / is buddha (the enlightened one), son of a prince but rejects luxury to search why people suffer, the great renunciation = left all to search, he lived as a hermit, practiced yoga for 6 years, and rejected hindu answers | 50 | |
| 7317535443 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 51 | |
| 7317535444 | Abraham | Leader of the Hebrews who led them to northern Mesopotamia(founder of Abrahamic religions such as Islam and Christianity) | 52 | |
| 7317536923 | Torah | A book consisting of religious events and teachings. Followed by the Isrealites. Outlines their beliefs and their moral code. | 53 | |
| 7317536924 | polis | The Greek term for a city-state. This served as the main political institution in Classical Greece | 54 | |
| 7317536925 | Socrates | Guided Greek Philosophy, taught Plato and many other students by asking questions, said honors is the most important thing, and was accused of poisoning Athen youth and was sentenced to death. | 55 | |
| 7317538997 | Zoroastrianism | A religion that emerged in the Persian Empires and promoted morality and the struggle of good versus evil.(influenced Christianity) | 56 | |
| 7317538998 | Persian War | A series of wars between Greece and Persia | 57 | |
| 7317540353 | Peloponnesian War | between Athens and Sparta (peloponnesian league and delian league). A plague and defeat at Syracuse weakens Athens, but Sparta doesnt destroy them out of respect. This made sparta more vulnerable to outside aggression. | 58 | |
| 7317540354 | Alexander the Great | conquered the Persian empire. Divided territory into three realms: Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid. Hellenism thrived even though it wasnt a native Greek ruler. Economies were revived through trade. Empire crumbled after Alexander the Great and the romans rose. | 59 | |
| 7317545156 | Hellenism | The culture of the Greeks that spread with other empires they conquered | 60 | |
| 7317545157 | patricians | land owning nobles | 61 | |
| 7317545158 | plebians | ordinary roman citizens (peasants) | 62 | |
| 7317546831 | aristocracy | a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility | 63 | |
| 7317546832 | Punic Wars | A series of wars between Rome and Carthage, a city-state in North Africa. Although it ended in Roman victory, it was a close fought war indeed, and Hannibal had the ability to sack Rome at one point. | 64 | |
| 7317548845 | direct democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 65 | |
| 7317548846 | Twelve Tables | The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450 B.C. that became the foundation of Roman law. | 66 | |
| 7317548991 | senate | definition-In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. | 67 | |
| 7317550712 | consuls | two chief executives of the Roman republic | 68 | |
| 7317550713 | Julius Caesar | The member of the first triumvirate who took control of Rome, declaring himself "emperor for life". Famously assassinated by a group of Roman Senators, especially Brutus and Cassius | 69 | |
| 7317551991 | Augustus | The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana | 70 | |
| 7317551992 | Pax Romana | The "Roman Peace," that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE - 14 CE) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180 CE), enforced by Roman rule and military control. | 71 | |
| 7317551993 | Jesus | A charismatic Jewish teacher whom Christians recognized as their savior. He wanted peace between the Romans and the Jews, and taught that "the kingdom of G-d is at hand". Romans took this as a threat, despite its spiritual meaning, and executed him as a result. Followers later claimed that Jesus triumphed over death and rose from the grave, and that he died for his followers' sins. He started the greatest religious movement of all time. | 72 | |
| 7317553632 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians | 73 | |
| 7317553633 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians. Abandoned the West. | 74 | |
| 7317555211 | Sub-Saharan | South of the Saharan desert | 75 | |
| 7317555212 | animism | A type of religious belief that focuses on the roles of the various gods and spirits in the natural world and in human events. Animist religions are polytheistic and have been practiced in almost every part of the world. | 76 | |
| 7317555213 | griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali empire | 77 | |
| 7317555343 | Bantu | Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. | 78 | |
| 7317557712 | Axum | a town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia | 79 |
