Chapter 16 index cards
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| 295379364 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. S: The central government of latin christianity. | 0 | |
| 295379365 | Indulgence | a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the catholic church, reducing time in purgatory after death S: this was a way for the catholic church to make easy money. | 1 | |
| 295379366 | Salvation by faith Alone | That was one of Luther's fundamental beliefs, that salvation was to be attained by faith alone. S: He did not like the idea of indulgences. | 2 | |
| 295379367 | Papal bull | a formal decree by a pope sealed with a round leaden seal | 3 | |
| 295379368 | Predestined | God decided in advance which people would attain salvation after death | 4 | |
| 295379369 | Society of Jesus | A Roman Catholic order to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work. | 5 | |
| 295623344 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife S: Similar to catholic church except they were allowed to divorce. | 6 | |
| 295623345 | Absolutism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator S: Louis XIV's gigantic new palace at Versailles can be seen as a theme park for absolutism. | 7 | |
| 295623346 | Parliament | British legislature, keeps the king in check. S:The Bill of Rights of 1689 specified that Parliament had to be called frequently and had to consent to changes in laws and to the raising of an army in peacetime., | 8 | |
| 295623347 | Estates General | the Estates General represented the traditional rights of the clergy, the nobility, and the towns (that is, the bourgeoisie) | 9 | |
| 295623348 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster. S: This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | 10 | |
| 295623349 | Balance of power | the balance of power in international relations: the major European states formed temporary alliances to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful S:The balance of powers in the English model would be widely admired in later times | 11 | |
| 295623350 | Bourgeoisie | educated, middle class of France S: provided force behind the Revolution | 12 | |
| 295623351 | "the deserving poor" | many rural poor migrated to the towns and cities in hopes of better jobs, but only some were successful. They were too poor to tax. S: the "deserving poor," made upB10 to 20 percent of population in dutch towns | 13 | |
| 295623352 | "the unworthy poor" | "unworthy poor"—recent migrants from impoverished rural areas, peddlers traveling from place to place, and beggars (many with horrible deformities and sores) who tried to survive on charity | 14 | |
| 295623353 | dowry | A dowry was the money and household goods—the amount varied by social class—that enabled a young couple to begin marriage independent of their parents | 15 | |
| 295623354 | joint stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 16 | |
| 295623355 | Stock exchange | A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. | 17 | |
| 295623356 | Fluit | a large-capacity cargo ship developed in the 1590s. Dutch ports built their own vast fleets and other ships for export. | 18 | |
| 295623357 | deforestation | the removal of trees rural men made a living as miners, lumberjacks, and charcoal makers. The expanding iron industry in England provided work for all three, but the high consumption of wood fuel for this and other purposes caused serious deforestation. | 19 | |
| 295623358 | gentry | people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; The gentry loaned money to impoverished peasants and to members of the nobility and in time increased their ownership of land. | 20 | |
| 295623359 | Witch hunts | Transformations in Europe; beliefs in widows who were susceptible to evil, mostly in protestant areas, prosecuted and killed almost anyone who was accused -A huge witch scare showed the power of Christian beliefs about the Devil and traditional folklore about malevolent powers. | 21 | |
| 295623360 | Heliocentric theory | the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. created by copernicus, challenged the popular belief that the earth was the center. | 22 | |
| 295623361 | Pope Leo X | began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. - tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church, banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church | 23 | |
| 295623362 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. - In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 24 | |
| 295623363 | John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. - Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion | 25 | |
| 295623364 | the Habsburgs | the powerful family of Austria, -Charles V (1519-1556) to be the new emperor. Like his predecessors for three generations, Charles belonged to the powerful Habsburg | 26 | |
| 295623365 | Emperor charles V | Charles hoped to centralize his imperial power After decades of bitter squabbles turned to open warfare in 1546 (the German Wars of Religion), Charles finally gave up his efforts at unification, abdicated control of his various possessions to different heirs, and retired to a monastery | 27 | |
| 295623366 | King Phillip II | King of Spain from 1556- 1598, was a powerful monarch and strong defender of the Catholic faith, started the Spanish Armada, but was defeated | 28 | |
| 295623367 | King Henry IV | Prince Henry of Navarre then embraced the Catholic faith of the majority of his subjects. In their embrace of a union of church and state, the new Bourbon king, Henry IV, his son King Louis XIII, and his grandson King Louis XIV were as supportive of the Catholic Church as their counterparts in Spain. | 29 | |
| 295623368 | King Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce. | 30 | |
| 295623369 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles | 31 | |
| 295623370 | King Charles I | Reigned for 11 years, he caused a civil war in England that would ultimately claim his own life; it was caused by his dismissal of the English Parliament in 1629 | 32 | |
| 295623371 | Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War | 33 | |
| 295623372 | Queen Elizabeth I | This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. -She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England | 34 | |
| 295623373 | Copernicus | Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe -named heliocentric theory | 35 | |
| 295623374 | Galileo Galilei | This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method. | 36 | |
| 295623375 | Isaac Newton | Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. | 37 | |
| 295623376 | John Locke | This English philosophe argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights | 38 | |
| 295623377 | Holy Roman Empire | Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires | 39 | |
| 295623378 | Ottoman Turks | Muslims, that took over Constantinople in 1453. | 40 | |
| 295623379 | United Provinces of Free Netherlands | the United Netherlands emerged as the dominant commercial power in Europe and the world's greatest trading nation | 41 | |
| 295623380 | The protestant reformation | Luther burned the papal bull (document) of condemnation, rejecting the pope's authority and beginning the movement known as the Protestant Reformation. | 42 | |
| 295623381 | the catholic reformation | The council reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope and called for a number of reforms, including requiring each bishop to reside in his diocese and each diocese to have a theological seminary to train priests. Also important to this Catholic Reformation were the activities of a new religious order—the Society of Jesus, or "Jesuits," | 43 | |
| 295623382 | Spanish Inquisition | This violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism | 44 | |
| 295623383 | French Wars of Religion | Long term struggle between Catholic's and Protestants | 45 | |
| 295623384 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 46 | |
| 295623385 | Glorious revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 47 | |
| 295623386 | The little ice age | During this Little Ice Age average temperatures fell only a few degrees, but the effects were startling. , lasted from 1250 to 1850. It was the time where settlements in Greenland disappeared, and the population of Iceland fell by half. There were many crop failures due to the more severe winters. I | 48 | |
| 295623387 | Scientific revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 49 | |
| 295623388 | The Enlightenment | The belief that human reason could discover the laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws that governed physics energized a movement known as the Enlightenment | 50 | |
| 295637132 | The Peace of Augsburg | treaty that ended the Peasants Revolt ; kept the German states separated | 51 | |
| 295637133 | The edict of Nantes | a 1598 declaration in which the french king Henry IV promised that protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities | 52 | |
| 295637134 | English bill of rights (1689) | English Bill of Rights (1689): Repeats some of early docs (trials and say in taxes), but added right free speech in parliament, to bear arms, no cruel and unusual punishment, and no Catholic king. | 53 | |
| 295637135 | St. Peter's Basilica | needed renovations= payed for by indulgences, many people contributed to it, located in Vadican city, Baroque architect finishes it, dome is in segments with lantern on top, pedimented windows on dome, paired columns on dome | 54 | |
| 295637136 | The institutes of the Christian Religion | As a young man, Calvin published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, a masterful synthesis of Christian teachings, in 1535. Much of the Institutes was traditional medieval theology, but Calvin's teaching differed from that of Roman Catholics | 55 | |
| 295637137 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. | 56 | |
| 295637138 | Second treatise of Civil Government | Written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence. | 57 |
