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| 9425917834 | David Livingstone | Scottish missionary doctor who explored southern and central Africa. His primary goal was to scout out locations for Christian missions, but he also traced the course of the Zambezi River, naming its greatest waterfall for the British Queen Victoria. He encountered Henry Morton Stanley. He led modest expeditions that posed no threat to anyone. | 0 | |
| 9425917835 | Muhammad Ali | leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century, he ruled Egypt as an ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendents ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952 | 1 | |
| 9425917836 | Rammohun Roy | An Indian who pushed for reform by combining Hinduism and western thought | 2 | |
| 9425917837 | Shaka | a Zulu chief in 1816 who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state | 3 | |
| 9425917838 | Usman dan Fodio | Fulani muslim clerk who created a vast Islamic empire. Islamic reform movement in Nigeria and demanded return to early Islamic practices. Was part of Sufi brotherhood and challenged ruling classes of West Africa | 4 | |
| 9425917839 | Australia | a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign. | 5 | |
| 9425917840 | Brahmo Samaj | A sect of Hinduism founded by Ram Mohan Roy. He was inspired by American Unitarians, and felt that Hinduism needed to be rational in its practices. Roy reformed education and fought against the practice of Sati. | 6 | |
| 9425917841 | British raj | rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. | 7 | |
| 9425917842 | Clipper ship | large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American Built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts | 8 | |
| 9425917843 | Contract of indenture | a voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians | 9 | |
| 9425917844 | Durbar | an elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the mughal empire. | 10 | |
| 9425917845 | Indian Civil Service | the elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. | 11 | |
| 9425917846 | Indian National Congress | a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WW1. Led after 1920 by Mohandes K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence. | 12 | |
| 9425917847 | Nawab | a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor | 13 | |
| 9425917848 | New Zealand | an independent country within the British Commonwealth | 14 | |
| 9425917849 | Recaptives | Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the 19th century and restored to free status | 15 | |
| 9425917850 | Sepoy | a soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British | 16 | |
| 9425917851 | Sierra Leone | Founded in 1787 as the first colony for freed slaves by a British antislavery group. Remained a British colony for 150 years. | 17 | |
| 9425917852 | Zanzibar | East African island that became international slave-trading center in the 1700s | 18 | |
| 9425917853 | Zulu | a people of modern South Africa whom king Shaka united in 1818 | 19 | |
| 9425917854 | Great Trek | A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s. | 20 | |
| 9425917855 | "Legitimate" trade | exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade | 21 | |
| 9425917856 | Modernization | the process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-western societies | 22 | |
| 9425917857 | Sepoy Rebellion | the revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the sepoy mutiny | 23 | |
| 9425917858 | Sokoto Caliphate | a large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria | 24 | |
| 9425917859 | Commodore Matthew Perry | a navy commander who, on July 8th, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated form the rest of the world for 250 years. | 25 | |
| 9425917860 | Emmeline Pankhurst | Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means | 26 | |
| 9425917861 | Empress Dowager Cixi | empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces | 27 | |
| 9425917862 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860 | 28 | |
| 9425917863 | Karl Marx | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: Manifesto of the Communist Party and Das Kapital | 29 | |
| 9425917864 | Friedrich Engels | socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) | 30 | |
| 9425917865 | Otto von Bismarck | chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire | 31 | |
| 9425917866 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures | 32 | |
| 9425917867 | Anarchists | Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups | 33 | |
| 9425917868 | electricity | a form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. | 34 | |
| 9425917869 | railroads | networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first railroads were built in England in 1830s. Their success caused a railroad boom throughout the world that lasted well throughout the 20th century | 35 | |
| 9425917870 | Reichstag | Seated Germany's lower house of Parliament, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany. | 36 | |
| 9425917871 | Steel | a form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. | 37 | |
| 9425917872 | submarine telegraph cables | insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. | 38 | |
| 9425917873 | Boxer Rebellion | A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out, 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | 39 | |
| 9425917874 | European migrations | Many Europeans left Europe for non-European countries with predominantly white populations. Some reasons for the migrations: Irish famine, persecution of Jews, poverty and population growth in Italy, Spain, Poland, and Scandinavia, and the cultural ties between Great Britain and English-speaking countries overseas. Also, cheap and rapid steamships and railroads served travelers at both ends. | 40 | |
| 9425917875 | labor union | an organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers | 41 | |
| 9425917876 | Liberalism | a political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America | 42 | |
| 9425917877 | Meiji Restoration | the political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, and imperialism | 43 | |
| 9425917878 | Nationalism | a political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation—a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in Western Europe. In the late 19th century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the 20th century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism. CHARACTERISTICS: o Language o Culture o History (shared) o Ethnicity o Geography o Religion | 44 | |
| 9425917879 | New Economic Policy | Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. | 45 | |
| 9425917880 | Separate spheres | 19th century idea in western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics. | 46 | |
| 9425917881 | Socialism | a political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government owners of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century | 47 | |
| 9425917882 | Victorian Age | the reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. The term is also used to describe late 19th century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle class and working class people | 48 | |
| 9425917883 | Afrikaners | South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the 17th century. Their Great Trek founded new colonies in the 19th century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. | 49 | |
| 9425917884 | Asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain's Gold Coast colony. | 50 | |
| 9425917885 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. | 51 | |
| 9425917886 | Emilio Aguinaldo | leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain. He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the US army in 1901 | 52 | |
| 9425917887 | Henry Morton Stanley | British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. | 53 | |
| 9425917888 | Leopold II | King of Belgium. He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State. | 54 | |
| 9425917889 | Menelik II | emperor of Ethiopia. He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa | 55 | |
| 9425917890 | Savorgnan de Brazza | Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo in 1880. | 56 | |
| 9425917891 | Burma | modern Myanmar. Britain wanted control of it in order to protect is possessions in India. | 57 | |
| 9425917892 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. The canal greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on January 1, 2000 | 58 | |
| 9425917893 | Siam | Thailand today lay between French Indochina and British Burma, maintained its independence by being a neutral zone | 59 | |
| 9425917894 | Suez Canal | ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. | 60 | |
| 9425917895 | "scramble" for Africa | sudden wave of conquests in Africa obtained most of eastern Africa, France, and most of northwestern Africa. Other countries acquired lesser amounts. | 61 | |
| 9425917896 | Battle of Omdurman | British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. | 62 | |
| 9425917897 | Berlin Conference | conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismark called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium | 63 | |
| 9425917898 | Colonialism | policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power | 64 | |
| 9425917899 | free-trade imperialism | economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century , free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States on the other | 65 | |
| 9425917900 | Spanish American War | Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico. | 66 | |
| 9425917901 | New Imperialism | Historian's term for the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the colonial powers. | 67 | |
| 9425917902 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. | 68 | |
| 9425917903 | Atatürk - Mustafa Kemal | The founder of modern turkey. He distinguished himself in the defense of Gallipoli in WW1 and expelled a Greek expedition from Anatolia in 1921-2. He replaced the Ottoman Empire with a Turkish republic in 1923. He abolished the Sultanate and declared Turkey a secular Republic. As president, he pushed through radical Westernization and reform of Turkish society. | 69 | |
| 9425917904 | Chiang Kai-shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. | 70 | |
| 9425917905 | Faisal | arab prince, leader of the Arab revolt in World War 1. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. | 71 | |
| 9425917906 | Joseph Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953). 5 year plans. | 72 | |
| 9425917907 | Henry Ford | a factory owner famous for his Model T. He developed the assembly line, which quickened production in factories | 73 | |
| 9425917908 | Max Planck | German Physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the noble prize for physics in 1918. | 74 | |
| 9425917909 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis. He argued that psychological problems were caused by traumas, especially sexual experiences in early childhood that were repressed in later life. His ideas caused considerable controversy among psychologists and in general public. Although his views on repressed sexuality are no longer widely accepted, his psychoanalytic methods are still very influential. | 75 | |
| 9425917910 | Sun Yat-sen | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders | 76 | |
| 9425917911 | Theodore Herzl | Australian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine | 77 | |
| 9425917912 | Vladimir Lenin | leader of the Bolshevik (later communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, and then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian revolution and the civil war that followed. | 78 | |
| 9425917913 | Wilbur and Orville Wright | American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplane, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903. They built the first aircraft that was heavier than air and could be maneuvered in flight. | 79 | |
| 9425917914 | Woodrow Wilson | President of the United States and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty f Versailles or join he League of Nations | 80 | |
| 9425917915 | Yuan Shikai | Chinese general and first president of the Chiense Republic. HE stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen | 81 | |
| 9425917916 | Bolsheviks | radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution | 82 | |
| 9425917917 | Guomindang | nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by sun yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. | 83 | |
| 9425917918 | Western Front | a line of trenches and fortifications in World War 1 that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. | 84 | |
| 9425917919 | Kibbutzim | collective agricultural settlement program created by early Zionist immigrants; Cooperative Farm communities that many of the Jews that moved to Israel formed. | 85 | |
| 9425917920 | Balfour Declaration | statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine | 86 | |
| 9425917921 | League of Nations | international organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s, and it was super-seded by the United Nations in 1945. | 87 | |
| 9425917922 | mandate system | Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision | 88 | |
| 9425917923 | New Economic Policy (NEP) | policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1923 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 and replaced it with a series of 5-year plans | 89 | |
| 9425917924 | Russian Civil War | The battle between the Bolsheviks (Red Army) and their opponents (White Army); the Bolsheviks won, however, 15 million Russians were dead, the economy was in ruins, trade was at a standstill and there was a shortage of skilled labor. | 90 | |
| 9425917925 | Russian Revolution | Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism. | 91 | |
| 9425917926 | Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed of Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other allied powers after World War 1. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. | 92 | |
| 9425917927 | World War I | a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 | 93 |
