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| 12472676331 | date of the neolithic revolution (agricultural revolution) | 8000 BCE | 0 | |
| 12472708115 | what was the male role in the paleolithic era? | men hunted the large animals (women could hunt small animals) | 1 | |
| 12472729922 | what were the storage ages? | paleolithic and neolithic era | 2 | |
| 12472745043 | what was the female role in the paleolithic era? | women did the gathering and cooking. they would gather wild plant foods, fruits, and berries. they would then cook what was hunted and gathered. women also cared for and watched the children. | 3 | |
| 12472761702 | what did the gender roles show in the paleolithic era? | gender roles showed gender equality because neither gender was superior and women were allowed to do what the men did | 4 | |
| 12472766444 | what was the male role in the neolithic era? | men were responsible for clearing the fields | 5 | |
| 12472774760 | what was the female role in the neolithic era? | women focused on plant cultivation. process would occur where men cleared the fields and women prepared the land to be used for crops | 6 | |
| 12472798802 | what were key things about the foragers? | - formed bands (like seven people) - were always on the move - lived in temporary shelters such as nuts or in a cave - they would live near their food source and near bodies of water | 7 | |
| 12472815809 | what were key things about the agricultural societies? | - lived in towns with groups of like 40 people - every person specialized in something - permanent homes made out of mud bricks | 8 | |
| 12472829503 | what was a cause of the neolithic revolution, and then an effect? | cause - they started to permanently settle into small towns effects - domestication of plants and animals (example: the first domesticated crops were wheat and barley. the first four animals that were domesticated were cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. they would provide meat, fiber + energy) | 9 | |
| 12472856861 | what does domestication mean? | taming an animals and keeping it as a pet or for farm produce | 10 | |
| 12472864897 | what was pastoralism? | the practice of herding as the primary economic activity of a society (livestock raising) | 11 | |
| 12472875122 | what were civilization components? | - permanent settlements - domestication of plants and animals - specialization | 12 | |
| 12472888825 | what was specialization? | means you would specialize in something (examples: farming, pottery, etc) | 13 | |
| 12472897104 | what led to civilization? | specialists | 14 | |
| 12472909321 | what were south america and north america growing (neolithic era) ? | corn, squash, beans, and potatoes | 15 | |
| 12472914163 | what was china growing (neolithic era) ? | rice | 16 | |
| 12473022113 | mesopotamia is now modern day _______? | iraq | 17 | |
| 12473433336 | what are the names of the rivers in mesopotamia? | the euphrates and tigris rivers | 18 | |
| 12473436030 | how did the mesopotamia rivers flood? | they flooded at the wrong time for grain agriculture and changed course unpredictably | 19 | |
| 12473447969 | how was mesopotamia's reliance on irrigation? | they constructed irrigation canals to bring water to fields father away from the rivers | 20 | |
| 12473459308 | what was sumerian writing and spoken language? | (mesopotamia) writing- cuneiform (was complex and required the use of hundreds of signs) spoken language- akkadian sumerians were replaced by semetic-speaking peoples | 21 | |
| 12473485166 | what was the ziggurat? | a rectangular stepped tower (like a step pyramid). it was a mix of a political and religion place mesopotamia | 22 | |
| 12473524106 | what was the political structure of mesopotamia? | decentralized government | 23 | |
| 12473535270 | explain the political structure of mesopotamia | the had many city states so that meant that they had a decentralized government. a decentralized gov meant that nobody has supreme power, it is shared | 24 | |
| 12473556539 | what does lugal mean? | means "big man" it is the sumerian term for "king, ruler" mesopotamia | 25 | |
| 12473581406 | what were achievements of sumerians? | developed irrigation, transportation (boats barges, and the use of donkeys) bronze, metallurgy, brick making, and engineering. they also used number (a base - 60 system) and made advancements in mathematics and astronomy mesopotamia | 26 | |
| 12473609155 | what was sargon of akkad? | first "empire" sargon was the first ruler of the semitic-sepaking akkadian empire and is credited for creating the world's first known empire mesopotamia | 27 | |
| 12473625294 | hammuarbi of babylon | he was known for the law code associated with his name, called the hammurabi code mesopotamia | 28 | |
| 12473639529 | what was the significance of the code of hammurabi? | it was the first laws system created in the middle east civilization. he wanted everyone to be responsible for their actions ("an eye for an eye"). laws weren't equal (punishments were more strict for lower class than the higher class) mesopotamia | 29 | |
| 12473682577 | the nile river "gift of the nile" | the nile river flooded regularly and at the right time of year. this inspired egyptians to view the universe as a regular and orderly place. egypt | 30 | |
| 12473706659 | what were the agricultural practices of egypt? | egyptian agriculture depended upon the floods, and crops would be adversely affected if the floods were too high or not high enough. farmers depended on the river for irrigation and climate was good for agriculture | 31 | |
| 12473787930 | where was upper egypt located? | along the southern part of the nile as far south as the first cataract | 32 | |
| 12473805476 | where was lower egypt located? | the northern part of egypt; near the nile delta | 33 | |
| 12473812574 | how was egypt divided? | was traditionally divided into two areas : upper egypt and lower egypt | 34 | |
| 12473823023 | how did the nile river flow? | flowed from the south to the north egypt | 35 | |
| 12474010107 | what were pyramids used for in egypt? | they were the site of burials of pharaohs | 36 | |
| 12474012511 | what is a pharaoh? | kings known as pharaohs dominated the egyptian state. the pharaohs were regarded as gods come to earth to ensure the welfare and prosperity of the people egypt | 37 | |
| 12474068068 | was egypt a centralized or decentralized government? | centralized government - egypt was governed by a central administration in the capital city through a system of provincial and village bureacuracies | 38 | |
| 12474082726 | what does centralized government mean? | one person takes the power | 39 | |
| 12474102373 | who was ma'at? | ancient egyptian goddess of justice, truth, harmony, balance (ostrich feather in her hair) | 40 | |
| 12474121876 | memphis vs. thebes | they were rival cities memphis was located in lower egypt and and thebes was located in upper egypt | 41 | |
| 12474130013 | hieroglyphics | formal writing system that was used. symbols represent words (and there was over 1,000 of them) egypt | 42 | |
| 12474143834 | what was the rosetta stone? why was it important? | it was a tablet that translated hieroglyphics to greek - helped historians be able to understand egyptian records and writing | 43 | |
| 12474151948 | who was the rosetta Stone found by? | napolean (french leader) | 44 | |
| 12474171578 | what was papyrus used for? | egyptian scribes and priests used it for thousands of years to keep records, write letters, and tell stories. reed was used to make paper | 45 | |
| 12474189337 | what was mummification? | a process of preserving the corpse; to prepare for the afterlife egypt | 46 | |
| 12474203462 | what was knowledge was gained from mummification? | chemistry and anatomy was gained from the process of mummification egypt | 47 | |
| 12474211173 | what were the steps of mummification? | 1) removal of the brain (egyptians didn't know the purpose of the brain, so they thought that it was a waste of space) 2) removal of internal organs (each were individually mummified, then stored in coffins called canopic jars) 3) drying the body out (they removed the moisture and this prevented rotting) 4) wrapping of the body (wrapped them in linen) | 48 | |
| 12474235869 | what was "land of the bow"? | nubia | 49 | |
| 12474239700 | where was nubia located? | south of egypt (between aswan and khartoum) | 50 | |
| 12474251780 | what were the natural resources in nubia? | gold and copper | 51 | |
| 12474251781 | nubia facts | - corridor of trade - 712-600 BCE nubia controls egypt - followed a matrilineal system (meaning descent is traded through maternal instead or paternal lines) - major city - meroe | 52 | |
| 12474593172 | what is the geography of india? | extremely diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills, and plateaus | 53 | |
| 12474602898 | how was the indus river like? | the indus carried a lot silt and flooded regular twice and year | 54 | |
| 12474620373 | what were the agricultural practices of the indus river valley? | aces to river water for irrigation allowed farners in the indus valley, and related areas, to produce two crops a year (despite all the regions sparse rainfall) | 55 | |
| 12474637158 | the himalaya and hindu kush mountains | they were both located at the back, and provided natural protection from enemies indus | 56 | |
| 12474648205 | khyber pass | is mountain pass in the north west of pakistan on the border with afghanistan indus | 57 | |
| 12474660777 | what were monsoons? | seasonal winds they dominated their weather. monsoons were when winds picked up water and dumped it. this resulted in lots and lots of rain | 58 | |
| 12474682966 | what were the two main cities in the indus river valley civilization? | harappa and mohenjo-daro | 59 | |
| 12474688282 | what was true about the two main cities in the indus river valley civilization? | they had standardization and a strong centralized government. both settlements were surrounded by brick walls, had streets laird out in a grid pattern, and were supplied with covered drainage systems to carry away waste | 60 | |
| 12474708439 | harappa city may have been..? | a link (nexus) of trade in copper, tin and precious stones from the north west | 61 | |
| 12474736945 | indus river valley writing system? | although they had a writing system, modern scholars are unable to decipher it | 62 | |
| 12474934566 | what are achievements of the indus river valley? | extensive irrigation systems, the potters wheel, kiln baked bricks, and a sophisticated bronze metallurgy | 63 | |
| 12474952402 | what was the "systems failure"? | believe that the indus valley cities were abandoned around 1900 BCE b/c of an invasion. further evidence, believed that the decline was due to a breakdown caused by natural disasters and ecological change (ex. drying ip of the hakra river, salinization- meaning build up of salt, and erosion) indus | 64 | |
| 12475000411 | who were the aryans? | indo-european nomadic peoples who created a new indian society (invaded and conquered) indus | 65 | |
| 12475036486 | geography of china | isolated by geography - himalayas to the southwest - gobi desert to the north west - pamir and tian mountains and the takla makan desert to the west | 66 | |
| 12475167932 | yellow river (huang he) | -a river that runs through northern china -periodically floods causing destruction to farmland and hunger for the chinese people - "river of sorrow" becuase of frequent flooding. | 67 | |
| 12475192410 | yangtze river | longest major river in china | 68 | |
| 12475209141 | china was ethnocentric because of their isolation. what does this mean? | evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture (not diverse) | 69 | |
| 12475212737 | shang dynasty | second chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. they're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. also rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. | 70 | |
| 12475232567 | oracle bones (divination) | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future deviation = the practice o seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means ancient china | 71 | |
| 12475259176 | how did oracle bones work? | wrote questions on it, put something hot on it, and it would crack. they then had to interpret the cracks. asked questions to the gods or from someone in their family who had died ancient china | 72 | |
| 12475276375 | what animals were used for the bones (oracle bones) | turtle shells or cows | 73 | |
| 12475296009 | zhou dynasty | the longest lasting chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. | 74 | |
| 12475299281 | mandate of heaven | the belief that the chinese king's right to rule came from the gods | 75 | |
| 12475339176 | what was the chief god called? | heaven zhou dynasty | 76 | |
| 12475344643 | what happened during the warring states period? | six or seven large chinese states fought for power -the qin united china (ruthless ruler, shi huang de, and a use of legalist code and a strong centralized state) | 77 | |
| 12475369923 | what were the three philosophies that rose to power in ancient china? | - legalism - confucianism - daoism | 78 | |
| 12475376957 | what was legalism? | moral law - very strict laws ancient china | 79 | |
| 12475384502 | what was daoism? | spontaneous action (yin and yang) ancient china | 80 | |
| 12475389855 | what was confucianism? | respect your elders (filial piety), and know your role | 81 | |
| 12475413689 | where were the celts located? | in europe (central) | 82 | |
| 12475426396 | what were characteristics of the celts? | - wore nothing in battle - love war - red hair - were called barbarians (because they wore pants) - face was colored a bluish tint - they held multiple dead heads in battle | 83 | |
| 12475458719 | what were religious practices of celts? | they believed in a life after death, for they buried food, weapons, and ornaments with the dead. | 84 | |
| 12475464681 | what were druids? | -priests + magicians -taught the doctrine of transmigration of souls and discussed the nature and power of the gods - preached at stone hedge celts | 85 | |
| 12475495150 | did celts believe in reincarnation? | yes | 86 | |
| 12475544094 | facts about olmecs | - called themselves xi (shi) - large stone heads (11 ft high) - could be athletes, warriors, kings - had the big heads as a statement, propaganda, intimidation - developed in south east mexico - polytheistic religion | 87 | |
| 12475600190 | what did olmecs domesticate? | corns, beans, and squash - agricultural surplus = emerging urbanization5 | 88 | |
| 12476549774 | facts about chavin | - south america - when you traded, they taxed you, when you entered, they taxed you, when you left, they taxed you. always taxing - use of llamas - production of agricultural surplus (intro of maize) - packed earth platforms | 89 | |
| 12476601366 | where did chain civilization develop and what did it lead to? | developed in the andean region - diverse ecological zones, mountains, dry coastal plain and jungles --> led to specialized regional production | 90 | |
| 12476624754 | chavin civilization | (900-250 BCE) | 91 | |
| 12476659403 | what was the capital of chavin called? | chavin de huantar | 92 | |
| 12476674306 | where is the capital of chavin located? | at the intersection of trade routes connecting the coast with mountain valleys | 93 | |
| 12476683408 | what was important about the capital of chavin's location? | - move goods - move the military quickly | 94 | |
| 12476742852 | what does cosmopolitan mean | including or containing people from many different countries (different cultures) | 95 | |
| 12476763661 | where was the hittites located + metallurgy | turkey and iron | 96 | |
| 12476771280 | what were the pharaohs of the new kingdom of egypt? | hyksos, hatshepsut, akhenaten, ramessess II | 97 | |
| 12476781851 | what did hyksos do? | brought chariot strategies into war | 98 | |
| 12476781852 | what did hatshepsut do? | female pharaoh, she expanded trading | 99 | |
| 12476788556 | what did akhenaten do? | focused on one god (religion, monotheistic) | 100 | |
| 12476799463 | what did ramessess II do? | built huge monuments | 101 | |
| 12476803443 | facts about minoans | - located on the island of crete - was the biggest civilization in europe (first complex civilization in europe) - had boats - traded a lot | 102 | |
| 12476832034 | facts about the mycenaeans | - took over minoans and used their culture - writing was linear b - had shaft graves (circle of graves at the base of deep, rectangular shafts. dug holes for the dead bodies, this was because land was sparse) - became wealthy through trade - palaces and central hall were atop hills (so its easy to find, and shows power) - were seafaring and built sleek and fast boats - oversea commerce | 103 | |
| 12476983275 | dark age | - records get lost - spread out - death - when they left, they found their own land - you lose specialization | 104 | |
| 12477006506 | location of assyrian empire | northern mesopotamia | 105 | |
| 12477047109 | what was the role of the kings in assyrian empire? | religion and government | 106 | |
| 12477051287 | impact of propaganda on the assyria empire | information that is not objective and used primarily to influence an audience (example king and lion picture) | 107 | |
| 12477149485 | what military tactics did assyria have? | -had chariots (one would drive, and the other would be an archer, with bow and arrow) -iron weapons, calvary, spies, signal fires -over 500,000 troops | 108 | |
| 12477159719 | mass deportation | the forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations (it destroyed their morale/spirits of the conquered) | 109 | |
| 12477238587 | library of ashurbanipal | contributed to fields of knowledge in the areas of math, astronomy and physics (this library was an example) | 110 | |
| 12477292520 | who were the hebrews? | ancestors of the jews | 111 | |
| 12477300165 | who was abraham? | founder of judaism | 112 | |
| 12477309794 | what was the torah? | the first five books of the bible | 113 | |
| 12477315581 | who was moses? | leader of the israelites | 114 | |
| 12477319947 | what was the exodus? | moses led the israelite slaves out of egypt and the wandered in the sinai desert for 40 years (until settlement) | 115 | |
| 12477345666 | what were the beliefs of the jews? | -ten commandments (they form the foundation of jewish ethics, as well as civil and religious law) -monotheistic (one god) | 116 | |
| 12477369646 | who was saul? | first king of israel | 117 | |
| 12477373840 | who was david? | becomes king to replace saul. he is considered the greatest king of israel. he made jerusalem the capital of the ancient nation of israel | 118 | |
| 12477383949 | who was solomon? | son of david, and he built large temple | 119 | |
| 12477392849 | what was diaspora? | scattering of the jews, they were kicked out of their own land | 120 | |
| 12477419309 | phoenicians developed in modern day...? | phoenician communities started appearing along the coastlines of modern day syria, israel, and lebanon around 3000 B.C | 121 | |
| 12477437978 | what dye color were phoenicians known for? | red-purple dye | 122 | |
| 12477441244 | alphabet of the phoenicians | 22 characters used in trade by the phoenicians (foundations for latin and greek) | 123 | |
| 12477457915 | who was carthage (phoenician colony) defeated by? | the romans | 124 | |
| 12477464432 | phoenicians were known as..? | carriers of civilization (and they traded a lot) | 125 | |
| 12477464433 | who was cyrus? | cyrus became the first king of the persian empire and went on to establish one of the largest empires in world. | 126 | |
| 12477485407 | ancient/persia iran was what gov? | decentralized gov | 127 | |
| 12477487993 | who is cambyses? | cambyses II, son of cyrus the great, ruled the achaemenid empire | 128 | |
| 12477499870 | who is darius? | darius is best remembered for his military campaigns, architectural wonders, and bureaucratic government organization | 129 | |
| 12477541287 | satraps | governors of provinces in the persian empire | 130 | |
| 12477574435 | royal road | a road for the government use built by the ancient persian ruler darius which helped unite the empire (led to the capital) | 131 | |
| 12477579003 | zoroastrianism | religion, believed in two gods (good and evil) | 132 |
