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| 2480492718 | How would climate determine where people would settle? | People settle in areas that have climates that would accommodate agriculture and livestock. | 0 | |
| 2480514071 | What does the Paleolithic Age refer to? | The Paleolithic Age refers to about 12,000 BC. During this time people were nomadic. | 1 | |
| 2480522048 | What does the Neolithic Age refer to? | The Neolithic Age refers to the age from about 12,000 BC to about 8000 BC. It is during this time that people settled in communities and civilization began to emerge. | 2 | |
| 2480528129 | What do the River Valley Civilizations refer to? | The River Valley Civilizations refer to about 3500 to 1500 BC. | 3 | |
| 2480535067 | What do the Classical Civilizations refer to? | The Classical Civilizations refer to about 1000 BC to 600 CE. The major civilizations to emerge were Zhou and Han China, Greece and Rome, and the Gupta Empire. | 4 | |
| 2480547319 | Each early civilization developed its own unique ways of life, but what are some common characteristics between them? | They all shared complex irrigation systems, legal codes, money, art and written literature, more formal scientific knowledge, numbering systems, and calendars, and intensification of social inequality. | 5 | |
| 2480564011 | What was the culture of Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE)? | Cuneiform; Extensive trade with Egypt and the Indus Valley. Epic of Gilgamesh. Early use of bronze tools, chariots. Advanced astronomy; math based on 60. Pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to irregular, unpredictable flooding of the rivers. Polytheism- gods powerful and often cruel. Kings powerful, but not divine. | 6 | |
| 2480579911 | What was the political organization of Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE)? | City-states and warrior kings. Hammurabi's Code. Competition among city states as well as frequent invasions led to less political stability than in Egypt. | 7 | |
| 2480589674 | What was the social structure of Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE)? | Job specialization- farmers, metal merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests; Social classes; Marriage contracts, veils for women; women of upper classes less equal than lower class counterparts | 8 | |
| 2480612319 | What was the culture of Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE)? | Concerned with decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge. Less advanced in math and astronomy than Mesopotamians. Less extensive trade, especially in earlier eras. Polytheism, with pharaoh as a god. Optimistic view of life (regular, controllable flooding of the river). Strong belief in the afterlife; Book of the Dead. Hieroglyphics- complex, pictorial language. | 9 | |
| 2480636519 | What was the Political Organization of Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE)? | Divine kingship- the pharaoh; highly centralized, authoritarian government. Generally stable government throughout the 3 kingdoms. Extensive bureaucracy; pharaoh's power channeled through regional governors. | 10 | |
| 2480679035 | What was the social structure of Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE)? | Smaller nobility than Mesopotamia; fewer merchants. Some social mobility through the bureaucracy. Priests have high status (only ones who understand the complex hieroglyphic written language). Women- probably higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance place on male/ female relationships. One female pharaoh- Hateshepsut. Influential wife of pharaoh- Nefertiti. | 11 | |
| 2480707405 | What was the culture of Indus Valley (developed by 2500 BCE) | Writing system only recently decipherable Soapstone seals that indicate trade with both Mesopotamians and China pottery making with bulls and long-horned cattle a frequent motif Small figurines of women Cruder weapons than Mesopotamians - stone arrowheads, no swords Polytheism - naked man with horns the primary god; fertility goddesses Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Dara | 12 | |
| 2480710911 | What was the political organization of Indus Valley (developed by 2500)? | Assumed to be complex and thought to be centralized Limited information, but large granaries near the cities indicate centralized control | 13 | |
| 2480718734 | What was the social structure of Indus Valley (developed by 2500 BCE)? | Priests have highest status, based on position as intermediaries between gods and people Differences in house sizes indicate strong class distinctions Statues reflects reverence for female reproductive function | 14 | |
| 2480726686 | What was the culture of Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE)? | Oracles bones used to communicate with ancestors Pattern on bones formed basis for writing system; writing highly valued, complex pictorial language with 3000 characters by end of dynasty Uniform written language became bond among people who spoke many different languages Bronze weapons and tools, horse-drawn chariots Geographical separation from other civilizations, though probably traded with the Indus Valley . | 15 | |
| 2480735560 | What was the political organization of Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE)? | Centralized government, power in the hands of the emperor Government preoccupied with flood control of the rivers Job specialization - bureaucrats, farmers, slaves | 16 | |
| 2480746993 | What was the social structure of Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE)? | Social classes - warrior aristocrats, bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Patriarchal society; women as wives and concubines; women were sometimes shamans. | 17 | |
| 2480761199 | What was the culture of Meso and South America (developed by 1200 BCE)? | Olmecs in Mesoamerica: Highly developed astronomy; used to predict agricultural cycles and please the gods Polytheism; religious rituals important, shamans as healers Ritual ballgames Irrigation and drainage canals Giant carved stone heads; probably with religious significance Jaguar symbol important Chavin in Andean region: Polytheism; statues of jaguar men Square stone architecture, no mortar Well-developed agriculture based on maize Unique geography: lived on coast, in mountains, and in jungle | 18 | |
| 2480786896 | Type of system-- Agricultural societies- cultivate crops 8,000 BCE. | Types of technology developed-- Domestication of plants and animals; iron tools writing systems; constant development. Main geographic locations-- River valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, India, China, MesoAmerica, Andes. | 19 | |
| 2480796044 | Type of system-- Pastoral societies- domesticated animals 8,000 BCE. | Types of technology developed-- Domestication of horses and camels. Main geographic locations-- Steppes, grasslands, deserts, mountain ranges. | 20 | |
| 2480809697 | Type of system-- Foraging societies- hunting and gathering 35,000 BCE. | Types of technology developed-- Baskets for gathering and storing and hunting tools. Main geographic locations-- Everywhere until sedentary agricultural societies and then empires took over the most fertile areas. | 21 | |
| 2480835761 | The three areas of classical civilizations developed their own beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures, However, what were their important similarities? | Patriarchal family structures - Like the river valley civilizations that preceded them, the classical civilization valued male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life. • Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas was farming. • Complex governments - Because they were so large, these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing • Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected them by both land and sea. | 22 | |
| 2480846072 | What was the culture of Greece (about 800-300 BCE)? | Most enduring influences come from Athens: Valued education, placed emphasis on importance of human effort, human ability to shape future events Interest in political theory: which form of government is best? Celebration of human individual achievement and the ideal human form. Philosophy and science emphasized the use of logic Highly developed form of sculpture, literature, math, written language, and record keeping Polytheism, with gods having very human characteristics Cities relatively small Great seafaring skills, centered around Aegean, but traveling around entire Mediterranean area | 23 | |
| 2480858967 | What was the political organization of Greece (about 800-300 BCE)? | No centralized government; concept of polis, or a fortified site that formed the centers of many city states Governing styles varied (Sparta a military state, Athens eventually a democracy for adult males) Athens government first dominated by tyrants, or strong rulers who gained power from military prowess; later came to be ruled by an assembly of free men who made political decisions. Both Athens and Sparta developed strong military organizations and established colonies around the Mediterranean. Sparta theoretically equal; wealth accumulation not allowed | 24 | |
| 2480870075 | What was the social structure of Greece (about 800-300 BCE)? | Slavery widely practiced Men separated from women in military barracks until age 30; women had relative freedom; women in Sparta encouraged to be physically fit so as to have healthy babies; generally better treated and more equal to men than women in Athens Athens encouraged equality for free males, but women and slaves had little freedom. Neither group allowed to participate in polis affairs. Social status dependent on land holdings and cultural sophistication. | 25 | |
| 2480875996 | What was the culture of Rome (about 500 BCE to 476 CE, although eastern half continued for another thousand years)? | Perfection of military techniques: conquer but don't oppress; division of army into legions, emphasizing organization and rewarding military talent Art, literature, philosophy, science derivative from Greece Superb engineering and architecture techniques; extensive road, sanitation systems; monumental architecture - buildings, aqueducts, bridges Polytheism, derivative from Greeks, but religion not particularly important to the average Roman; Christianity developed during Empire period, but not dominant until very late Great city of Rome - buildings, arenas, design copied in smaller cities | 26 | |
| 2480880925 | What was the political organization of Rome (about 500 BCE to 476 CE, although eastern half continued for another thousand years)? | Two eras: Republic - rule by aristocrats, with some power shared with assemblies; Senate most powerful, with two consuls chosen to rule, generally selected from the military Empire - non-hereditary emperor; technically chosen by Senate, but generally chosen by predecessor Extensive colonization and military conquest during both eras Development of an overarching set of laws, restrictions that all had to obey; Roman law sets in place principle of rule of law, not rule by whim of the political leader | 27 | |
| 2480888435 | What was the social structure of Rome (about 500 BCE to 476 CE, although eastern half continued for another thousand years)? | Basic division between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (free farmers), although a middle class of merchants grew during the empire; wealth based on land ownership; gap between rich and poor grew with time Paterfamilias - male dominated family structure Patron-client system with rich supervising elaborate webs of people that owe favors to them Inequality increased during the empire, with great dependence on slavery during the late empire; slaves used in households, mines, large estates, all kinds of manual labor | 28 | |
| 2480890514 | What was the culture of China (about 500 BCE to 600 CE)? | Confucianism developed during late Zhou; by Han times, it dominated the political and social structure. Legalism and Daoism develop during same era. Buddhism appears, but not influential yet Threats from nomads from the south and west spark the first construction of the Great Wall; clay soldiers, lavish tomb for first emperor Shi Huangdi Chinese identity cemented during Han era: the "Han" Chinese Han - a "golden age" with prosperity from trade along the Silk Road; inventions include water mills, paper, compasses, and pottery and silkmaking; calendar with 365.5 days Capital of Xi'an possibly the most sophisticated, diverse city in the world at the time; many other large cities | 29 | |
| 2480892217 | What was the political organization of China (about 500 BCE to 600 CE)? | Zhou - emperor rules by mandate of heaven, or belief that dynasties rise and fall according to the will of heaven, or the ancestors. Emperor was the "son of heaven." Emperor housed in the forbidden city, separate from all others Political authority controlled by Confucian values, with emperor in full control but bound by duty Political power centralized under Shi Huangdi - often seen as the first real emperor Han - strong centralized government, supported by the educated shi (scholar bureaucrats who obtained positions through civil service exams) | 30 | |
| 2480896173 | What was the social structure of China (about 500 BCE to 600 CE)? | Family basic unit of society, with loyalty and obedience stressed Wealth generally based on land ownership; emergence of scholar gentry Growth of a large merchant class, but merchants generally lower status than scholarbureaucrats Big social divide between rural and urban, with most wealth concentrated in cities Some slavery, but not as much as in Rome Patriarchal society reinforced by Confucian values that emphasized obedience of wife to husband | 31 | |
| 2480900363 | What was the culture of India? | Aryan religious stories written down into Vedas, and Hinduism became the dominant religion, although Buddhism began in India during this era; Mauryans Buddhist, Guptas Hindu Great epic literature such as the Ramayana and Mahabarata Extensive trade routes within subcontinent and with others; connections to Silk Road, and heart of Indian Ocean trade; coined money for trade So-called Arabic numerals developed in India, employing a 10-based system | 32 | |
| 2480905926 | What was the political organization of India? | Lack of political unity - geographic barriers and diversity of people; tended to fragment into small kingdoms; political authority less important than caste membership and group allegiances Mauryan and Gupta Empires formed based on military conquest; Mauryan Emperor Ashoka seen as greatest; converted to Buddhism, kept the religion alive "theater state" techniques used during Gupta - grand palace and court to impress all visitors, conceal political weakness | 33 | |
| 2480910772 | What was the social structure of India? | Complex social hierarchy based on caste membership (birth groups called jati); occupations strictly dictated by caste Earlier part of time period - women had property rights Decline in the status of women during Gupta, corresponding to increased emphasis on acquisition and inheritance of property; ritual of sati for wealthy women ( widow cremates herself in her husband's funeral pyre) | 34 | |
| 2480922496 | What was the silk road? | This overland route extended from western China, across Central Asia, and finally to the Mediterranean area. Chinese silk was the most desired commodity, but the Chinese were willing to trade it for other goods, particularly for horses from Central Asia. There was no single route, but it consisted of a series of passages with common stops along the way. Major trade towns appeared along the way where goods were exchanged. No single merchant traveled the entire length of the road, but some products (particularly silk) did make it from one end to the other | 35 | |
| 2480923692 | What was the Indian Ocean Trade? | This important set of water routes became even more important in later eras, but the Indian Ocean Trade was actively in place during the classical era. The trade had three legs: one connected eastern Africa and the Middle East with India; another connected India to Southeast Asia; and the final one linked Southeast Asia to the Chinese port of Canton. | 36 | |
| 2480925980 | What was the Saharan Trade? | This route connected people that lived south of the Sahara to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The Berbers, nomads who traversed the desert, were the most important agents of trade. They carried goods in camel caravans, with Cairo at the mouth of the Nile River as the most important destination. There they connected to other trade routes, so that Cairo became a major trade center that linked many civilizations together. | 37 | |
| 2480927751 | What was the sub-Saharan trade? | This trade was probably inspired by the Bantu migration, and by the end of the classical era people south of the Sahara were connect to people in the eastern and southern parts of Africa. This trade connected to the Indian Ocean trade along the eastern coast of Africa, which in turn connected the people of sub-Saharan Africa to trade centers in Cairo and India. | 38 |
