Terms : Hide Images
| 5904156662 | "ARMY OF THE PURE" | an army led to challenge the Mughal army and to assert Sikh beliefs aggressively; combined with other upheavel of the 18th century to seriously weaken the Mughal empire | 0 | |
| 5904156663 | DEVSHIRME | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. | 1 | |
| 5904156664 | "DIVINE FAITH" | Akbar created this religion after learning about other religions. It attracted few followers and offended Muslims. When he died so did the "Divine Faith" | 2 | |
| 5904156665 | GURU | religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism | 3 | |
| 5904156666 | HIDDEN IMAM | 12th descendant of Ali who disappeared as a child | 4 | |
| 5904156667 | IMAM | a leader of prayer in a mosque | 5 | |
| 5904156668 | JANISSARIES | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 6 | |
| 5904156669 | PURDAH | Isolation of women in separate quarters | 7 | |
| 5904156670 | QIZILBASH | swordsmen calvary of the Safavid | 8 | |
| 5904156671 | SATI | A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. | 9 | |
| 5904156672 | SHI'ISM | Minority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad | 10 | |
| 5904156673 | SIKHISM | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | 11 | |
| 5904156674 | TWELVER SHI'ISM | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | 12 | |
| 5904156675 | VIZIER | a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries | 13 | |
| 5953271385 | alternate attendance | Used to help keep daimyo in check; required them to spend every other year at Tokugawa court. | 14 | |
| 5953271386 | Bakufu | military-style government of the Japanese shogun | 15 | |
| 5953271387 | Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts | 16 | |
| 5953271388 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 17 | |
| 5953271389 | Daimyos | powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun | 18 | |
| 5953271390 | Table of Ranks | created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit | 19 | |
| 5953294927 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | 20 | |
| 5953294928 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 21 | |
| 5953294929 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 22 | |
| 5953294930 | Creoles | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. | 23 | |
| 5953294931 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 24 | |
| 5953294932 | Atlantic Circuit | the network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas | 25 | |
| 5953294933 | Indenture servitude | Who: Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtor | 26 | |
| 5953294934 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 27 | |
| 5953294935 | Mestizos | people of Native American and European descent | 28 | |
| 5953294936 | Mulattos | Persons of mixed European and African ancestry | 29 | |
| 5953294937 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | 30 | |
| 5953294938 | Viceroyalties | provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch. | 31 | |
| 5953299452 | Castas | middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes) | 32 | |
| 5953302101 | Factories | place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods | 33 | |
| 5953302406 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 34 | |
| 5953312365 | viceroys | representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire | 35 | |
| 5953319928 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 36 | |
| 5953319929 | Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | 37 | |
| 5953319930 | Divine right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 38 | |
| 5953319931 | Empirical evidence | scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation | 39 | |
| 5953319932 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | 40 | |
| 5953319933 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 41 | |
| 5953319934 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 42 | |
| 5953319935 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 43 | |
| 5953319936 | Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 44 | |
| 5953319937 | Land-based powers | governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, and roads, etc. that unified regions | 45 | |
| 5953319938 | Limited (constitutional) monarchy | Government led by a monarch whose powers were limited by a Constitution, and who was required to consult Parliament | 46 | |
| 5953319939 | Constitutionalism | The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. | 47 | |
| 5953319940 | Patrons | a person who supports artists, especially financially | 48 | |
| 5953319941 | Putting-out system | system of merchant-capitalists delivering raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment | 49 | |
| 5953319942 | Rule of law | principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern | 50 | |
| 5953319943 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 51 | |
| 5953319944 | Sea-based powers | nations who built larger empires by controlling sea routes and colonies | 52 | |
| 5953340131 | Bakufu | military-style government of the Japanese shogun | 53 | |
| 5953340132 | Foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. | 54 | |
| 5953340133 | Hegemony | the domination of one state or group over its allies | 55 | |
| 5953340134 | kowtow | a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission | 56 | |
| 5953340135 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 57 | |
| 5953340136 | Pax Mongolica | The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire. | 58 | |
| 5953340137 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. | 59 | |
| 5953340138 | Shintoism | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. | 60 | |
| 5953340139 | Shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name | 61 | |
| 5953354066 | Anasazi | A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings | 62 | |
| 5953354067 | Ayllus | in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler | 63 | |
| 5953354068 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 64 | |
| 5953354069 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 65 | |
| 5953354070 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 66 | |
| 5953354071 | 6. Inca | to make unable or unfit, especially for normal activities; disable | 67 | |
| 5953354072 | Khipus | recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region | 68 | |
| 5953354073 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 69 | |
| 5953354074 | Mesoamerica | A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. | 70 | |
| 5953354075 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 71 | |
| 5953354076 | Moche | civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 72 | |
| 5953354077 | Quechua | Andean society also known as the Inca | 73 | |
| 5953354078 | Slash and burn (shifting) agriculture | Which method of agroforestry worked through most of human history, but is now failing due to human population growth? | 74 | |
| 5953354079 | Stelae | large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers. | 75 | |
| 5953354080 | Teotihuacan | first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". | 76 | |
| 5953354081 | Toltecs | Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice. | 77 | |
| 5953354082 | Tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 78 | |
| 5953367982 | Barter | Exchange goods without involving money. | 79 | |
| 5953367983 | Canon Law | Church law | 80 | |
| 5953367984 | Excommunication | Banishment from the church | 81 | |
| 5953367985 | Interdict | to forbid or stop the activities or entry of | 82 | |
| 5953367986 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 83 | |
| 5953367987 | Ghettos | Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live. | 84 | |
| 5953367988 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 85 | |
| 5953367989 | Heresy | (n.) an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred | 86 | |
| 5953367990 | Limited government | A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution. | 87 | |
| 5953367991 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France. | 88 | |
| 5953367992 | Magna Carta | 1215 | 89 | |
| 5953367993 | Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. | 90 | |
| 5953367994 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 91 | |
| 5953367995 | Serfs | A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | 92 | |
| 5953367996 | Usury | the practice of lending money at exorbitant rates | 93 | |
| 5953367997 | Vernacular languages | everyday speech that varies from place to place | 94 | |
| 5953383115 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 95 | |
| 5953383116 | caliphate | Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. | 96 | |
| 5953383117 | Five Pillars of Faith | five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage | 97 | |
| 5953383118 | "golden age" | period of great cultural achievement | 98 | |
| 5953383119 | Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. | 99 | |
| 5953383120 | Harem | living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household | 100 | |
| 5953383121 | Hijrah | Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina | 101 | |
| 5953383122 | Madrasas | Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century. | 102 | |
| 5953383123 | Mosque | A Muslim place of worship | 103 | |
| 5953383124 | Qur'an | the holy book of Islam | 104 | |
| 5953383125 | Shari'a | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed | 105 | |
| 5953383126 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali | 106 | |
| 5953383127 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 107 | |
| 5953383128 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 108 | |
| 5953383129 | Sultan | Muslim ruler | 109 | |
| 5953383130 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 110 | |
| 5953383131 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 111 | |
| 5953383132 | Vizier | a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries | 112 | |
| 5953400774 | CASTES | social groups into which people are born and cannot change | 113 | |
| 5953400775 | TRIBUNES | An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates. | 114 | |
| 5953400776 | TYRANTS | in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power | 115 | |
| 5953400777 | VARNA | The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. | 116 | |
| 5953400778 | TRIUMVIRATE | A group of three rulers | 117 | |
| 5953400779 | EQUITES | class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power | 118 | |
| 5953400780 | JATI | A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation. | 119 | |
| 5953400781 | DESERTIFICATION | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 120 | |
| 5953400782 | MONARCHY | A government ruled by a king or queen | 121 | |
| 5953400783 | ARISTOCRACY | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility | 122 | |
| 5953400784 | DEMOCRACY | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 123 | |
| 5953400785 | NATURAL LAW | God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law | 124 | |
| 5953400786 | SECULARISM | A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. | 125 | |
| 5953400787 | SHIFTING CULTIVATION | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. | 126 | |
| 5953400788 | DIASPORA | any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade. | 127 | |
| 5953400789 | ETHNIC RELIGIONS | focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures | 128 | |
| 5953400790 | MONOTHEISM | Belief in one God | 129 | |
| 5953400791 | POLYTHEISM | Belief in many gods | 130 | |
| 5953400792 | RECIPROCITY | the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us | 131 | |
| 5953400793 | UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. | 132 | |
| 5953417609 | CULTURAL DIFUSSION | Buddhism became popular in China due to trade using the Silk Road | 133 | |
| 5953417610 | DIVISION OF LABOR | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers | 134 | |
| 5953417611 | INDEPENDENT INVENTION | The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other | 135 | |
| 5953417612 | AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | 136 | |
| 5953417613 | PALEOLITHIC AGE | Old Stone Age | 137 | |
| 5953417614 | PASTORALISM | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. | 138 | |
| 5953417615 | SPECIALIZATION | A focus on a particular activity or area of study | 139 | |
| 5953417616 | SURPLUS | A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded | 140 | |
| 5953417617 | CITY-STATE | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. | 141 | |
| 5953417618 | CIVILIZATION | A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes | 142 | |
| 5953417619 | COSMOPOLITANISM | the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. | 143 | |
| 5953417620 | DYNASTIC CYCLES | Rise and fall of ruling families | 144 | |
| 5953417621 | LABOR SYSTEMS | system of labor in which people do specialized jobs | 145 | |
| 5953417622 | LAW CODE | written set of laws | 146 | |
| 5953417623 | MANDATE OF HEAVEN | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 147 | |
| 5953417624 | MATRILINEAL | relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother | 148 | |
| 5953417625 | PATRIARCHY | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line | 149 | |
| 5953417626 | SOCIAL MOBILITY | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another | 150 | |
| 5953417627 | SYSTEMS FAILURE | a breakdown of the political, social, and economic systems supporting a civilization | 151 | |
| 5953417628 | THEOCRACY | A government controlled by religious leaders | 152 | |
| 5953417629 | TRIBUTE | Money paid for protection | 153 | |
| 5953417630 | VASSALS | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity | 154 |
