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| 8304678906 | Civilization | An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. | 0 | |
| 8304678907 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of Westren Asia. | 1 | |
| 8304678908 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 2 | |
| 8304678909 | Scribe | A professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems. | 3 | |
| 8304678910 | Foragers | Hunter/Food Gathering Peoples | 4 | |
| 8304678911 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys. | 5 | |
| 8304678912 | Fertile Crescent | A crescent-shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East that extends from the eastern Mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf. It was the center of the Neolithic development of agriculture (from 7000 bc), and the cradle of the Assyrian, Sumerian, and Babylonian civilizations | 6 | |
| 8304678913 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule and the idea of the Middle Kingdom. Feudal, decentralized government (1046 - 256 B.C.E.) | 7 | |
| 8304678914 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. | 8 | |
| 8304678915 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Believed in education, filial peity, the five relationships, and a strict social order. | 9 | |
| 8304678916 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. | 10 | |
| 8304678917 | Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Waring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid or absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid fertile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature. | 11 | |
| 8304678918 | Iron Age | A period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons. | 12 | |
| 8304678919 | Monotheism | Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. | 13 | |
| 8304678920 | Democracy | System of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. | 14 | |
| 8304678921 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state. | 15 | |
| 8304678922 | Polis | The Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control. It was the characteristic form of political organization in southern and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods. Of the hundreds of city-states in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions settled by Greeks, some were oligarchic, others democratic, depending on the powers delegated to the Council and the Assembly. | 16 | |
| 8304678923 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemenids. It centered on a single benevolent deity, Ahuramazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. It emphasized truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature. | 17 | |
| 8304678924 | Aqueduct | A conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. | 18 | |
| 8304678925 | Pax Romana | Literally, "Roman Peace", it connoted the prosperity and stability that Roman rule bought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the 1st 2 centuries. | 19 | |
| 8304678926 | Scholar-Gentry | ... | 20 | |
| 8304678927 | Qin | Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of the Warring states period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E.; founded by Shi Huangdi. | 21 | |
| 8304678928 | Han | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Win in 202 B.C.E.; used for next 400 years; collapsed in early 3rd century 3 B.C.E. | 22 | |
| 8304678929 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular magistrates. | 23 | |
| 8304678930 | Monsoon | Seasonal winds crossing India subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer, it brings rain. | 24 | |
| 8304678931 | Karma | 1.(in Hinduism and Buddhism) The sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. | 25 | |
| 8304678932 | Caste | ... | 26 | |
| 8304678933 | Buddha | Creator of major Indian & Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthy things. | 27 | |
| 8304678934 | Hinduism | A way of life based on the teachings of ancient sages and scriptures like the Vedas and Upanishads. | 28 | |
| 8304678935 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire. | 29 | |
| 8304678936 | Varna | Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas. | 30 | |
| 8304678937 | Silk Road | The most famous of the trading routes established by the pastoral nomads cone connecting the Chinese, India, Persian, & Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. | 31 | |
| 8304678938 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. | 32 | |
| 8304678939 | Sub-Saharan Africa | ... | 33 | |
| 8304678941 | Caravan | A group of people, esp. traders or pilgrims, traveling together across a desert in Asia or North Africa. | 34 | |
| 8304678942 | Mecca | One of Islams holy cities. this was a late blooming caravan city. It was where Muhammad was born. | 35 | |
| 8304678943 | Sunni | They believe that muhammad did not appoint a successor and that the muslim community should decide who the caliph is.It is the main branch of Islam. | 36 | |
| 8304678944 | Shi'ites | The branch of islam where they believed that Muhammad appointed ali, his son-in-law/cousin, to be his successor. state religion of Iran. | 37 | |
| 8304678945 | Islam | Religion started by Muhammad that believes in the christian prophets but adds muhammad as a prophet. It calls on all people to believe in the one god, allah, who rewards or punishes you based on how you lived your life. | 38 | |
| 8304678946 | Muslim | An adherant of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God. | 39 | |
| 8304678947 | Caliphate | Office established in succesion to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic Empire; also the name of that empire. | 40 | |
| 8304678948 | Mamluks | Turkic slaves that the abassids used as a standing army. | 41 | |
| 8304678949 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. | 42 | |
| 8304678950 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service. | 43 | |
| 8304678951 | Japanese Feudalism | 44 | ||
| 8304678952 | Grand Canal | The 1,100 mile waterway linking theYellow and Yangzi Rivers.It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui period. | 45 | |
| 8304678953 | Tang Empire | ... | 46 | |
| 8304678954 | Song Empire | ... | 47 | |
| 8304678955 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially for long distance commercial travel | 48 | |
| 8304678957 | Aztec | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Greatly worshiped the sun god. Polytheistic. | 49 | |
| 8304678958 | Nomandism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. | 50 | |
| 8304678959 | Axum | -Ancient civilization located in the Horn of Africa (present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia). -Economic foundation was highly productive agriculture with plow-based farming. -Around 50 CE, a substantial state emerged partly stimulated by trade in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. -Axum was the inner capital city centered around monumental building and royal patronage for the arts. -Language was Geez, and state controlled most others around country. -Introduced to Christianity around fourth century CE due to trade, religiously linked to Egypt. -System of imperial expansion was practiced from fourth century CE to sixth century CE. -Declined over next several centuries from environmental changes, stemming from intensive farming, as well as the rise of Islam, which altered trade routes and decreased revenue. -Resembled large-scale Eurasian civilizations along with Meroe. | 51 | |
| 8304678960 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. Participated in the gold and salt trade.Islam was mainly used to reinforce the concept of kingship(A Royal Cult), and much of the population never converted. | 52 | |
| 8304678961 | Revived Kingdom of Kush | -Egyptian forces retreated from Nubia by 1100 BCE and were vacated by 1000 BCE with new kingdom of Kush -capital at Napata/Kerma -powerful enough to invade Egypt by 800 BCE and King Kashta conquered Thebes about 760 BCE forming a Kushite dynasty that ruled Egypt for almost a century -successors of Kashta declared authority throughout Upper Egypt and claimed the title of pharaoh and extended authority beyond the Nile delta -Kushites driven out by Assyrian invaders around mid-700 BCE and Egypt is subjected to Assyrian rule -Egypt is conquered by several foreign conquerors by mid-600 BCE It was formidable and wealthy and many diplomats and explorers went there. | 53 | |
| 8304678962 | Bantu | -most influential peoples of sub-Saharan Africa in ancient times and their languages are on of many related tongues in larger Niger-Congo family of languages widely spoken in west Africa after 4000 BCE -means "persons" or "peoples" -cultivated crops such as yams and oil palms like the peoples in western Sudan and later adopted crops from eastern and central Sudan such as millet and sorghum -kept cattle (goats and guinea fowl) -lived in clan villages with chiefs -traded regularly with forest peoples known as pygmies settled on banks of rivers | 54 | |
| 8304678963 | Iron Metallurgy | -large-scale production of this metal made up for the lack of resources (copper and tin) to make bronze -metallurgy for this metal was made independently in Africa from local experimentation in Anatolia about 1300 BCE -earliest traces of African experimentation about 900 BCE in Great Lakes region of east Africa (modern-day Burundi and Rwanda) and on southern side of Lake Chad (modern-day Cameroon) -possible this metal was produced before 1000 BCE -Meroe became large-scale production of this metal | 55 | |
| 8304678964 | Bantu Iron | -pace of Bantu migrations quickened as iron tool and weapons began to be produced -iron tools allowed for more land to be cleared for agriculture and support a larger population -spread of iron metallurgy throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa | 56 | |
| 8304678965 | Bantu expansion | Bantu-speaking people who expanded their territory vastly; acquired iron technology and learned to breed livestock and grow grain crops that were better than their previous yams | 57 | |
| 8304678966 | 2 Features of Bantu Society Important for Early Migrations | - Made effective use of canoes in traveling the network of rivers - Agricultural surplus allowed Bantu population to increase more rapidly than the populations of the people they encountered when migrating | 58 | |
| 8304678967 | Spread of Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa | -between 1000-500 BCE cultivators extended the cultivation of yams and grains into east and south Africa (modern-day Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa) while herders introduced sheep and cattle to region -people of Niger-Congo languages spread cultivation of yams, oil palms, millet, sorghum throughout west and central Africa while also introducing cattle -agricultural peoples built distinctive societies and cultural tradition -communities had a few hundred individuals and were led by chiefs -communities often organized into age groups that were responsible for certain laborers | 59 | |
| 8304678968 | Mayan Civilization | -Major classical civilization located in Mesoamerica. -Most notable achievements occurred between 250 and 900 CE. -Mathematical system consisting of zero and place notation, among other calculations, was created by intellectuals. -Calendars were made. -Most elaborate writing system in the Americas was formed. -Landscape was almost completely engineered with water management, drainage systems, and terraced hillsides. -Political system of city-states, local lords, and regional kingdoms. -No central authority, warfare was common. -Larger units of the Maya were populated urban and ceremonial centers ruled by kings or "state shamans" who could connect with the supernatural. -None of the city-states, whether imperialistic or not, could unify the Maya. -Rapid population collapse due to famine, epidemic, and warfare. -Climate change and warfare could have caused demise, among other issues. -Disappeared around 900 CE, showing the fragility of civilizations no matter the size and strength. | 60 | |
| 8304678969 | Teotihuacan | -City in Mesoamerica north of the Mayans that was formed around 150 BCE. -Largest urban complex in the Americas at the time. -Impressive architecture. -Thousands of residential apartments surrounding main avenues, inhabited by foreigners, specialized workers, and families of many generations. -Art didn't depict selfish rulers, and things like murals often included abstract shapes. -Had significantly large sphere of influence from 300 to 600 CE. -Military was very powerful. -Political and military activity was designed to obtain valued commodities from other areas. -Many cultural aspects of Teotihuacan have lasted over time because the city itself was extremely immense and influential to others. | 61 | |
| 8304678970 | Chavin | First major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.) . It's capital, Chavín de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavín became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region that included two distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills. Used llamas to transport goods, which made specialized production possible and trade among people. | 62 | |
| 8304678971 | Moche | The prominent civiliation in modern-day Peru around 600 C.E., before the rise of the Incan Empire. The Moche did not have any political unification, and instead depended on trade and agriculture. They built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (Also used llamas) | 63 |
