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| 5169449227 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 0 | |
| 5169449228 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually mean with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 5169449229 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 2 | |
| 5169449230 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 3 | |
| 5169449231 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. | 4 | |
| 5169449232 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 5169449233 | Medina | Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 6 | |
| 5169449234 | Allah | The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith | 7 | |
| 5169449235 | What were the major ways in which the city of Mecca interacted with the Bedouin tribes that lived in the desert surrounding it? | Trade; the nomadic tribes protected the trade routes | 8 | |
| 5169449236 | Sasanian empires | The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion | 9 | |
| 5169449237 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632 | 10 | |
| 5169449238 | Khadijah(555-619) | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 11 | |
| 5169449239 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 12 | |
| 5169449240 | Ali(c.599-661) | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 13 | |
| 5169449241 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 14 | |
| 5169449242 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 15 | |
| 5169449243 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 16 | |
| 5169449244 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 17 | |
| 5169449245 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 18 | |
| 5169449246 | Which aspects of Muhammad's religious message accounted for its powerful appeal to both urban dwellers and nomadic peoples in Arabia and beyond? | It was the basis to the new religion; taught to the people of Muhammad's clan and people of Mecca; Umayyad saw it as a threat to their wealth and power | 19 | |
| 5169449247 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 20 | |
| 5169449248 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community | 21 | |
| 5169449249 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 22 | |
| 5169449250 | Jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding | 23 | |
| 5169449251 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule | 24 | |
| 5169449252 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 25 | |
| 5169449253 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan: murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 26 | |
| 5169449254 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 27 | |
| 5169449255 | Mu'awiya(602-680) | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 28 | |
| 5169449256 | Sunnis | Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads | 29 | |
| 5169449257 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 30 | |
| 5169449258 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked by beginning Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 31 | |
| 5169449259 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 32 | |
| 5169449260 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 33 | |
| 5169449261 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non believers in Islamic territories | 34 | |
| 5169449262 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrains and even Hindus | 35 | |
| 5169449263 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 36 | |
| 5169449264 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 37 | |
| 5169449265 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 38 | |
| 5169449266 | What were the key factors that made possible the rapid Arab conquests in the Middle East, Central Asia, & North Africa? | The chance to glorify their new religion may have been a motive for the Arab conquests. | 39 | |
| 5169449267 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 40 | |
| 5169449268 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 41 | |
| 5169449269 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 42 | |
| 5169449270 | In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread? | Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia | 43 | |
| 5169449271 | Lateen | Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fire and aft of the ship | 44 | |
| 5169449272 | al-Mahdi(r.775-785) | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 45 | |
| 5169449273 | Harun al-Rashid | One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era | 46 | |
| 5169449274 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 47 | |
| 5169449275 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 48 | |
| 5169449276 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 49 | |
| 5169449277 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 50 | |
| 5169449278 | Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406) | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute | 51 | |
| 5169449279 | What were the major sources contributing to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty? Why were the Abbasids ineffective at halting this decline? Who replaced them? How? | The courtly excesses and political divisions that eventually contributed to the decline of the empire were apparent. Harun al-Rashid took the throne after the fall | 52 | |
| 5169449280 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 53 | |
| 5169449281 | Ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 54 | |
| 5169449282 | al-Ghazali(1058-1111) | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'-anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 55 | |
| 5169449283 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 56 | |
| 5169449284 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world | 57 | |
| 5169449285 | Hulegu(1217-1265) | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 58 | |
| 5169449286 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1250 and halted Mongol advance | 59 | |
| 5169449287 | Discuss the major advances in the arts and sciences which occurred in the Islamic world in the late Abbasid period. | Artists and Artisans continued the formidable achievements in architecture and other crafts. Islamic civilization outstripped all others in scientific discoveries, new discoveries, new technologies of investigation, and new technologies | 60 | |
| 5169449288 | What did the Sufis teach? | Tried to see beyond what they believed to be the illusory existence of everyday life and to delight in the presence of Allah in the world. More accomplished Sushis created a large following | 61 | |
| 5169449289 | Muhammad ibn Qasim(661-750) | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 62 | |
| 5169449290 | Mahmud of Ghanzi(971-1030) | Third ruler of Turkish Slave Dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India: gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 63 | |
| 5169449291 | Muhammad of Ghur(1173-1206) | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 64 | |
| 5169449292 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak. (r.1206-1210) | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India | 65 | |
| 5169449293 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddes who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 66 | |
| 5169449294 | Mira Bai(1498-1547) | Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 67 | |
| 5169449295 | Kabir(1440-1518) | Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 68 | |
| 5169449296 | How did Hindu religious leaders and organizations counter the considerable appeal of Sufi missionaries and their efforts to win converts in south and Southeast Asia from the 10th through the 16th centuries? | In the 11th century Muhammad of Ghandi seized power and began to dig deep Muslim roots. Made little impression on the Hindu religion | 69 | |
| 5169449297 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 70 | |
| 5169449298 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands | 71 | |
| 5169449299 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north cost of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports | 72 | |
| 5169449300 | Beyond the Sufis, who were the major agents and what were the motivations for conversions to the Islamic religion in south and Southeast Asia during this time period? | Muslim merchants and sailors helped to spread the new faith to local people. | 73 | |
| 5169449301 | Stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 74 | |
| 5169449302 | Ifriqiya | The Arabic term for eastern North Africa | 75 | |
| 5169449303 | Maghrib | The Arabic word for western North Africa | 76 | |
| 5169449304 | Almohadis | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of Northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa | 77 | |
| 5169449305 | Why did the Sudanic states develop in the Sahel and what advantages did they derive from their location? | 78 | ||
| 5169449306 | Sahel | A vast semiarid region of North Africa, south of the Sahara, that forms a transitional zone between the desert and the region known as Sudan | 79 | |
| 5169449307 | Juula | Manlike merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of west Africa | 80 | |
| 5169449308 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 | 81 | |
| 5169449309 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 82 | |
| 5169449310 | Ibn Battuta(b.1304) | Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records | 83 | |
| 5169449311 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university | 84 | |
| 5169449312 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali(r.1464-1492) | 85 | |
| 5169449313 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay empire; Islamic rule of the mid-16th century | 86 | |
| 5169449314 | Hausa | Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions | 87 | |
| 5169449315 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance | 88 | |
| 5169449316 | How did African societies accommodate Islam and what was the effect of the spread of Islam across Africa? | 89 |
