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| 10558808382 | Afro-Eurasia | a vast region made up of Africa, Europe, and Asia | 0 | |
| 10558808383 | Mediterranean | A large sea between two continents, southern Europe and northern Africa | 1 | |
| 10558808384 | Agrarian societies | societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing) | 2 | |
| 10558808385 | Neolithic Revolution | 10-12,000 years ago when the advent of farming created new socio-economic systems worldwide;the switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution. | 3 | |
| 10558808386 | Neolithic | "New Stone Age" Changed the world: Pastoralism, domestication, irrigation, environmental impact, population increase, specialization, agric, trade and transportation improvements, and stratification | 4 | |
| 10558808387 | Agricultural Revolution | time of agricultural developments during the Middle Ages; 12,000 years ago (domestication of plants and animals) | 5 | |
| 10558808388 | Mesopotamia | 9,000 BCE Land between two rivers In W Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers: now part of Iraq. In the Fertile Crescent Food: wheat, barley, sheep, goat, pig, cattle |  | 6 |
| 10558808389 | Nile River Valley | 9,000-7,000 BCE The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around. -a river in E Africa, the longest in the world, flowing N from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean. Food: sorghum, cattle, sheep, goat |  | 7 |
| 10558808390 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 8,000-6,000 BCE Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara; West Africa Food: yam, okra, black eyed peas |  | 8 |
| 10558808391 | Indus River | 5,000 BCE a large river surrounded by fertile land in modern India/Pakistan; Mid-East Food: wheat, barley, sheep, goat, pig, cattle |  | 9 |
| 10558808392 | Huang he (Yellow) River | 6,500-5,500 BCE Second longest river in China also known as the Yellow River or China's sorrow Food: millet, soybean, pig, chicken, water buffaloes |  | 10 |
| 10558808393 | Papua New Guinea | 3,000 BCE once part of Indonesia -an independent republic in the W Pacific Ocean, comprising the E part of New Guinea and numerous near-lying islands; North of Australia Food: taro, yam, coconut, banana, breadfruit, citrus fruit |  | 11 |
| 10558808394 | Mesoamerica | 4,000 BCE "Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America Food: maize, bean, pepper, squash, tomato |  | 12 |
| 10558808395 | The Andes | 3,000 BCE -a mountain chain of western South America (Chile) -a mountain range in W South America, extending from N Colombia and Venezuela S to Cape Horn Food: potato, sweet potato, llama, alpaca, guinea pig |  | 13 |
| 10558808396 | Pastoralism | a subsistence pattern in which people make their living by tending herds of large domesticated animals | 14 | |
| 10558808397 | Pastoralism impacting the environment | overgrazing>>>erosion>>>famine(salinization, soil degradation, low organic matter) | 15 | |
| 10558808398 | erosion | Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away | 16 | |
| 10558808399 | salinization | Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth. | 17 | |
| 10558808400 | Why water control systems needed? | ↑ reliance on crops = ↑ need for more consistent water supply (w/out relying on rainfall) | 18 | |
| 10558808401 | Water control systems | wells, cisterns, runoff diversion systems, irrigation | 19 | |
| 10558808402 | Benefit of water control | Less reliance on rainfall ↑ population ↑ food production | 20 | |
| 10558808403 | Water control systems help the first civilization | ⇡ food prod ➜ growth in civilization/pop ➜ ⇡ water demand ➜ ⇡ need for apportionment ➜ ⇡ need greater control over conflicting demands for water ➜ ✧social organizations✧ ^PDDACO^ | 21 | |
| 10558808404 | Maintain control over water systems | Water Admin: force, permission, or negotiate | 22 | |
| 10558808405 | New Social Order | Big change in society: permanent settlement, full time isnt devoted to food (specialization occurs), leaders and codes of conducts, and ownership Farming>Foraging Intensification began Surplus food=large permanent settlement | 23 | |
| 10558808406 | Larger social group formation | Ur and Uruk civilizations took the shape of city/city-states -power, production, culture, innovation all require manipulating the environment (drought=water decrease) -society dense= increase disease, conflict, and shortage The more the population increases=the more challenges | 24 | |
| 10558808407 | Formation of Government and Social Classes | Stonewalls, monuments, roads=infrastructure -religion, economic, political instit.= new social hierarchy (special roles) Increase trade and conflict=need of diplomats, armies, and centralized rulers Village>>>CIty>>>City-State Leaders needed=new social class | 25 | |
| 10558808408 | Specialization of Labor | Catal HÜyÜk residents -center of production and trade of obsidian deposit - manufactured Surplus gives time to focus on other activities: - Pottery ] - Metalwork ] Early craft indust. - Textile Production . ] | 26 | |
| 10558808409 | Pottery | Earliest of the 3 crafts Jomon Society 7000BCE=worldwide Medium of artistic expression and practical utensils Etch designs for decor Store food | 27 | |
| 10558808410 | Metalworking | Copper= earliest metal worldwide Heat rather than hammer(easier to work with)~ 6000 BCE Melt copper molds ~5000 BCE Copper leads to gold, bronze, iron, etc | 28 | |
| 10558808411 | Textile Production | Similar ones to the rugs were used in saddle bags, trunk covers, jug holders, & cinches ‣ Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. ‣ Selectively bred plants and animals that provided long, lustrous, easily worked fibers | 29 | |
| 10558808412 | Social Distinction | Permanent settlement + specialized labor = wealth Trade surplus foods for items Private property enhanced wealth by giving economic power Defined social class if family generations keep wealth Catal HÜyÜk shows diff social stat through decor and value of goods buried with the indiciduals | 30 | |
| 10558808413 | Religious Values | Venus Figurines worshipped for fertility~ Paleolithic Neolithic celebrated birth, growth, death, and regen. life deities=cycle of life and regen - pregnant=vegetation=fertility in fields - young male associated with goats or bulls=energy in life - frog or butterfly (dramatic change in life= seeds sprout, flourish, die, and produce more more seeds -death=decay and destruction Death does not mean the end; birth of infant god | 31 | |
| 10558808414 | wheels and wheeled vehicles | Allowed for better transport of heavy objects ↳ invented by Sumerians : man-made log ➜ two wheels with axle attached w/ bearings | 32 | |
| 10558808415 | Pottery | Accessible Preserve food Storage | 33 |
