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| 4976647430 | Out of Africa | A theory on human evolution which explains how Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then dispered throughout the world. (unit 1) | 0 | |
| 4976647431 | Hunter/gatherers | People who hunt animals and gather wild plants to provide for their needs. All human beings before the Neolithic Revolution. (unit 1) | 1 | |
| 4976647432 | Neolithic Revolution | A period when humans first started to learn to plant crops and domesticate animals for their food, instead of hunting and gathering. (Roughly 8000 BCE - 3500 BCE) Unit 1. | 2 | |
| 4976647433 | River Valley Civilizations | The earliest human civilizations; sprang up near rivers (such as the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, the Indus, and the Yellow). Unit 1 | 3 | |
| 4976647434 | Agriculture | Large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources (unit 1). | 4 | |
| 4976647435 | Pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. Emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia in unit 1. | 5 | |
| 4976647436 | Economic Hierarchies | In contrast to pastoral societies where people didn't tend to accumulate large amounts of possessions, in settled sedentary civilizations, elites accumulated huge quantities of possessions creating this form of class system. (Unit 1) | 6 | |
| 4976647437 | Social Hierarchies | In addition to economic hierarchies, during the Neolithic Revolution, people began to establish hierarchical social structures (such as the Egyptians and the pharaoh, the nobles, the traders/artisans, and the farmers being broken up into different social classes). With the emergence of sedentary societies, civilizations became far less egalitarian (especially concerning women). (Unit 1) | 7 | |
| 4976647438 | Persistent Pastoral Societies | Pastoralism persisted on grasslands in Afro-Eurasia (such as the Mongolian Steppe). | 8 | |
| 4976647439 | Division of Labor | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers. (Unit 1) | 9 | |
| 4976647440 | Irrigation | A way of supplying water to an area of land. Trenches are dug in the earth to spread water over a given parcel of land. (Unit 1) | 10 | |
| 4976647441 | Civilization | A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes. (Unit 1) | 11 | |
| 4976647442 | Agricultural Surpluses | All sedentary civilizations produced excess food allowing for a greater specialization of labor. (Unit 1) | 12 | |
| 4976647443 | Political Bureaucracies | Systems of government where hierarchies were established to facilitate the order of societies. (Unit 1) | 13 | |
| 4976647444 | Shang Dynasty | (1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. (Unit 1) | 14 | |
| 4976647445 | The Olmecs | A native American people whose civilization flourished in what is now southern Mexico in the period 1200-400 B.C. | 15 | |
| 4976647446 | The Chavin | A prehistoric civilization in S. America in the Andes Mountains who thrived roughly 900BCE-250 BCE. (Units 1 & 2) | 16 | |
| 4976647447 | The Harappan Civilization | The first sedentary civilization in South Asia. Thrived in the Indus River Valley roughly from 3300 BCE-1600 BCE. (Unit 1) | 17 | |
| 4976647448 | States | Powerful new systems of rule established in the Neolithic Era that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. (Uni 1) | 18 | |
| 4976647449 | The Hittites | 2000-1200 BCE An Anatolian civilizations that conquered much of Asia Minor & northern Mesopotamia in the Ancient Era; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare. Fought a famous battle against Ramses the Great's Egyptian forces at Kadesh (in modern day Israel/Lebanon). (Unit 1) | 19 | |
| 4976647450 | Monumental Architecture | An activity performed by virtually all human civilizations (usually ordered by rulers in order to justify their rule - Hey, look at that, I can build pyramids, can you?) Good examples are ziggurats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt, or, say, the Great Wall of China. (Unit 1 - well, all 6 units really. Can you say continuity ;). | 20 | |
| 4976647451 | Preclassical Writing | Systems of record keeping and communication that arose in civilizations. Examples are: Cuneiform in Mesopotamia, hieroglyphics in Egypt, the alphabet developed by the Phoenicians in Lebanon, Sanskrit in India, or quipus in Andean S. America. (Unit 1) | 21 | |
| 4976647452 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature (written c. 2100 BCE). (Unit 1) | 22 | |
| 4976647453 | The Rig Veda | A South Asian collection of 1028 hymns- mostly in praise of gods, or the origin of the universe. The oldest foundational written work for Hinduism. (c. 1500 BCE) (Unit 1) | 23 | |
| 4976647454 | The Book of the Dead | Egyptians believed in life after death. What was the name of the book that contained a collection of spells that Egyptians believed they needed to enter the afterlife? (Unit 1) | 24 | |
| 4976647455 | Vedic Religion | A religious belief system of Indo-European migrants called Aryans (no, not the Hitler Aryans) who moved to northern India c.1750 BCE; involved animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure that all transitions in the natural world-day to night, or one season to the next proceeded smoothly. (Unit 1) | 25 | |
| 4976647456 | Hebrew Monotheism | The religion founded c. 1750 BCE that gave us monotheism; they believed that they ought to only worship one God - Yahweh. (Unit 1) | 26 | |
| 4976647457 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemenids. It centered on a single benevolent deity, Ahuramazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. It emphasized truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature. (Followed only by a small group called Parsis in India today). (Units 1 & 2) | 27 | |
| 4976647458 | Taoism/Daoism | A philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu c. the late 4th century BCE and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. (Unit 2) | 28 | |
| 4976647459 | Classical Hinduism | A modified sort of Hinduism that developed out of the earlier Vedic religion that was influenced by the later Vedas and the Upanishads. (Unit 2) | 29 | |
| 4976647460 | Greek Religion | A complex religion developed by the Classical Greeks which involved worship of Gods (such as Zeus and Here) and believed that certain Gods established cities (like Athena with Athens). (Unit 2) | 30 | |
| 4976647461 | Greek Rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 BCE (by guys like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle); it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. (Unit 2) | 31 | |
| 4976647462 | Stratification | A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. The Classical Era saw a growth in social stratification. (Unit 2) | 32 | |
| 4976647463 | Theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders who claim justification by gods or a god (such as the Egyptian Pharaoh). Many diverse civilizations over the course of history have used religion to justify political authority (such as the Islamic Republic in Iran in the Contemporary Era in unit 6). (Unit 2) | 33 | |
| 4976647464 | Buddhism | A religion which follows Buddha's (c. 570 BCE) teachings that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment is said to be obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation). First developed in South Asia in the Classical Era, it spread to China c. 100 CE to 500 CE. (Unit 2) | 34 | |
| 4976647465 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh, it was believed, was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. (Units 1 & 2) | 35 | |
| 4976647466 | Hebrew Bible | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites (such as the books Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers). Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. during the Babylonian Captivity. | 36 | |
| 4976647467 | Sanskrit | (Hinduism) An ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) developed c. 1200 BCE. | 37 | |
| 4976647468 | The Code of Hammurabi | This was a collection of laws covering crimes, farming, business activities, and marriage and family developed in Babylonia (what is today Southeastern Iraq) by Hammurabi c. 1720 BCE. Many punishments in the code were cruel, but the code was an important step in the development of a justice system. (Unit 1) | 38 | |
| 4976647469 | Lasceaux Cave Paintings | Found in 1940 by 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat by accident, these 2,000 figures were painted on the walls 17,300 years ago. Most of the images are animals and most of those are horses. Fossil evidence from the time show that these animals actually existed in this region at this time. It is easily the most well known Paleolithic Art of all time. (Unit 1) |  | 39 |
| 4976647470 | Ziggurat of Ur | A Neo-Sumerian, stepped tower of sundried brick-earlier ziggurats washed away, painted colorful, ceremonies, crowded (an example of Babylonian monumental architecture). (Unit 1) |  | 40 |
| 4976647471 | Olmec Stone Heads | Massive constructs of the Olmecs in Mesoamerica. (Unit 1) |  | 41 |
| 4976647472 | Universal Religions | A belief systems that anyone can join (not limited to one group) like Christianity, Buddhism, and, later, Islam. (Unit 2) | 42 | |
| 4976647473 | Mauryan Dynasty | The first united Indian state, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 BCE, after Alexander's defeat of weakened India; it lasted for more than 100 years, before it declined, and fell in 183 BCE. Asoka was an important emperor. (Unit 2) | 43 | |
| 4976647474 | Asoka | (?-232 BCE) King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion. (Unit 2) |  | 44 |
| 4976647475 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; established a woman's place in society below a man's. (Unit 2) |  | 45 |
| 4976647476 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. (Unit 2) | 46 | |
| 4976647477 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. (Unit 2) |  | 47 |
| 4976647478 | Constantine | (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. (Unit 2) |  | 48 |
| 4976647480 | Julius Caesar | (100 BCE-44 BCE). A Roman general who ended the Roman Republic. He conquered Gaul (France today) with his powerful army. He made himself Roman dictator in 46 BCE. He was assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BCE because he was considered too powerful. (Unit 2) | 49 | |
| 4976647481 | Socrates | (469-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Known for creating the "Socratic Method" of inquiry which helped people discover the truth through a process of questioning. (Unit 2) |  | 50 |
| 4976647482 | Plato | (430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. (Unit 2) |  | 51 |
| 4976647483 | Aristotle | (384-322 BCE) A Greek Philosopher who taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato. Has been extremely influential on Western thought. (Unit 2) |  | 52 |
| 4976647484 | Shintoism | A religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors. It first developed c. 700 CE. (Unit 3) |  | 53 |
| 4976647485 | Shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia (and the Mongols who worshiped Tengri). (Unit 3 and others) | 54 | |
| 4976647486 | Ancestor Worship | The worshiping of dead relatives who are regarded as still being fully functioning members of the descent group. Involves a variety of different cultural practices, and often involves ritually honoring the ancestors to maintain favorable relations. For example, Chinese families in Van often honor their familial ancestors with offerings of food, money and worship, three times a year. Also practiced in Classical Rome. (Unit 2 and others) | 55 | |
| 4976647487 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. (Unit 2 and others) Shamanism and this belief system continued to shape the lives of people in and out of core civilizations. | 56 | |
| 4976647488 | Greek Tragedy and Comedy | Plays that were developed in Classical Greece (such Aristophanes comedy The Clouds and Sophocles play Oedipus Rex). (Unit 2) | 57 | |
| 4976647489 | Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian | What are the three types of greek columns? (Greek architecture is a key concept). (Unit 2) |  | 58 |
| 4976647490 | Winged Nike | One of the most famous of the Hellenistic works (c. 200 BCE) (Unit 2). |  | 59 |
| 4976647491 | Indian Epics | Written works in South Asia like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana that influenced artistic developments in the region. (Unit 2) | 60 | |
| 4976647492 | Classical Architecture | Distinctive architectural styles can be seen in Indian, Greek, Mesoamerican, and Roman buildings. (Be ready to talk about Roman victory arches, South Asian temples, Mesoamerican step pyramids, or Greek statues). (Unit 2) | 61 | |
| 4976647493 | Syncretism | A blending of two or more religious traditions (such as hellenic (Greek) traditions mixing with Buddhism in Central Asia (as can be seen in the Gandharan Buddhas)). (Unit 2) |  | 62 |
| 4976647494 | Empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler. | 63 | |
| 4976647495 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (Unit 2) | 64 | |
| 4976647496 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to 476 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. (Unit 2) | 65 | |
| 4976647497 | Qin Dynasty | (221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. (Unit 2) | 66 | |
| 4976647498 | Han Dynasty | (202 BCE - 220 CE) A dynasty started by Lui Bang; it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity. (Unit 2) |  | 67 |
| 4976647499 | Mayan Civilization | A great civilization lasted 3,500 years, from about 2000 B.C.E. to 1500 C.E. It included present day southern Mexico and large portions of Central America. The height of the civilization was from c. 200 CE to 900 CE. (Units 2 and 3) |  | 68 |
| 4976647500 | Achaemenid Empire | First great Persian empire (558-330 B.C.E.), which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius. Attacked the Greeks twice: once in 390 (Greeks defeated them at the Battle of Marathon) and once in 380 (Greeks defeated them at the Salamis Strait and the notable stand of the 300 Spartans occurred). (Unit 2) |  | 69 |
| 4976647501 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the Qin state through increased agricultural work and military service. It emphasized that man was naturally evil and needed a system of severe punishments and great rewards in order to be "whipped into shape." Became the official governing philosophy when the Qin emperor conquered and untied China. (Unit 2) | 70 | |
| 4976647502 | The Phoenicians | A civilization of people from what is today modern Lebanon (just North of Israel). They were notable shipbuilders and colonizers of the Mediterranean region (with notable colonies in places like Cyprus, and Carthage). They made a beautiful purple dye from murex snails that became the royal color. In addition, they created the modern alphabet (that was later copied by the Greeks & Romans). (Unit 1 & 2) |  | 71 |
| 4976647503 | The Gupta Empire | (320-550 CE) Was founded by Chandra Gupta in South Asia, and later solidified by Samudragupta (ca 335-75). The Empire reached its apex under Chandragupta II. the Gupta empire developed the concept of zero and Arabic numerals. They also held a strong interest in Aryan literature, like the kind written in Sanskrit by Kalidasa. He was know as India's greatest poet, and like Shakespeare later, he dabbled in poetry and drama. The Gupta Empire promoted Hinduism to the detriment of Buddhism. The empire was brought to an end by the Hun invasions during the later half of the fifth century. (Unit 2) |  | 72 |
| 4976647504 | Alexander the Great | (356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. (Unit 2) |  | 73 |
| 4976647505 | The Moche | An Andean civilization from c. 100-700 CE that built The Temple of the Sun. (Unit 2) |  | 74 |
| 4976647506 | Indian Caste System | A highly stratified class system that was developed in South Asia with priests (Brahmins) at the top, warriors and rulers (Kshatriyas) below them, vaisyas (merchants, traders, and minor officials) below them, and workers (sudras) below them. Outside of the system were the "dalits" or outcasts or untouchables. (Unit 2) | 75 | |
| 4976647507 | Function of Cities | Served as centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires. (Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, Teotihuacan). (Unit 2) | 76 | |
| 4976647508 | Labor Systems | A system that assigns types of labor to citizens in groups and classes (such as corvee, slavery, rents and tributes, peasant communities, family household production, or sustenance farming). | 77 | |
| 4976647509 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. | 78 | |
| 4976647510 | Environmental effects of Classical Empires | Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage (such as deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and silted rivers). The impact of humans upon the environment continues to today. (Units 2-6) | 79 | |
| 4976647511 | External Weaknesses of Classical Empires | External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions: China & Xiongnu Gupta & the White Huns Rome & the Visigoths, Ostragoths, Huns, Vandals, etc. Parthians (and the Sassanids) & Kushan (Unit 2) | 80 | |
| 4976647512 | The Parthians | A powerful empire from Iran (247 BCE - 224 CE) that challenged Roman hegemony in Mesopotamia and defeated Crassus' attempt to conquer Iran; were threatened by the Kushan empire. (Unit 2) |  | 81 |
| 4976647513 | The Xiongnu | A nomadic group from the steppes that threatened the development of the Han dynasty. (Unit 2) | 82 | |
| 4976647514 | The Kushan Empire | A nomadic group from the steppes that attacked Bactria and formed the from 1 to 300 C.E. They had trade between the north and south of India, promoted Bactrian Artists and greek styles of painting/sculptures, and were enthusiastic supporters of Buddhism. (Unit 2) |  | 83 |
| 4976647515 | The White Huns | (408-670 CE) Invaders that corrupted the Gupta Empire causing it to plummet into its ending years, constantly attacking the cities and further weakening the Empire as a whole. Many settled in what is today Tajikistan in Central Asia. (Unit 2) |  | 84 |
| 4976647516 | The Great Silk Road | The major trading route across Asia to the far East. Went through diverse climates like high mountains and low valleys. The Jade Gate west left China to cross Central Asia and eventually goods (such as silk, salt, jade, rice, millet, silver, bronze, spices, etc.) could get west all the way to the Mediterannean (and therefore the Roman world). (Units 2-6) |  | 85 |
| 4976647517 | American Trade Routes | Trade routes that connected parts of America together that crossed through the sub-tropical and tropical zones of what is today Mexico and Central America (and in the Post-Classical Era, even to the Andes) in which Native Americans (including Maya, Zapotec, and Mixtec) peoples could exchange trade goods (like beans, squash, potatoes, maize, stone, bird feathers, and salt). (Units 2-3) | 86 | |
| 4976647518 | Trans-Saharan Trade | A Major trade route that crossed the western Saharan desert terrain using oases in the desert and in which animals (camels and horses) were utilized. Arabs and West Africans, traded for gold, salt, ivory, fish, metals (such as silver and bronze), and skins. Traders created caravan routes. (Units 3-6) | 87 | |
| 4976647519 | Indian Ocean Trade | Large amounts of trade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants who utilized new technology (like sextants, dhow ships, lateen sails, etc)p articularly in the postclassical period. Trade decreased as the Mongols made the Silk Roads safe, but continued throughout trading things like spices, cotton, silks, ivory, gold, salt, rice, wheat, and languages like Arabic and Arabic writing. (Units 3-6) | 88 | |
| 4976647520 | Mediterranean Sea Lanes | Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together (including North Africans, Phoenicians, Eastern and Western Europeans) that increased trade and communications (by spreading languages like Greek and Latin - and their later vernacular derivatives). Goods traded were things like fish, salt, slaves, religious and cultural beliefs (such as Christianity and, later, Islam), domesticated animals (such as chickens, cattle, dogs, and cats) and diseases. (Units 1-6) | 89 | |
| 4976647521 | Stirrup | Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. (Unit 2) | 90 | |
| 4976647522 | Qanat System | A traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields. (Unit 2) |  | 91 |
| 4976647523 | Swahili States | A series of East African city-states from the 700s-1500s including Mogadishu, Pate, Malindi, and Kilwa with wealth based on trade. The combined African and Arabic languages produced this unique language. (Unit 3) | 92 | |
| 4976647524 | Sui Dynasty | (589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north. (Unit 3) | 93 | |
| 4976647525 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. (unit 3) | 94 | |
| 4976647526 | Song Dynasty | (960 - 1279 CE); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder. (unit 3) | 95 | |
| 4976647527 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. (unit 3) | 96 | |
| 4976647528 | Islamic Caliphate | Another name for the "Empire of Islam." It ruled from India to Spain. Its capital was in Baghdad until the Mongols sacked it. (Unit 3) | 97 | |
| 4976647529 | Vikings | A semi-nomadic group of sailors from Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, etc.) who raided Christian monasteries and settlements throughout Europe and the North Atlantic. (Unit 3) | 98 | |
| 4976647530 | Incan Empire | A Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro. (units 3 & 4) | 99 | |
| 4976647531 | Italian City-States | Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples. Self-governing cities in Europe that were engaged in trade in the Mediterranean. (Unit 3) | 100 | |
| 4976647532 | Grand Canal | A canal linking northern and southern China. (Unit 3) | 101 | |
| 4976647533 | Magnetic Compass | Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation instrument used for determining direction. (Indian Ocean Trade Network) | 102 | |
| 4976647534 | Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets. (Indian Ocean Trade Network) | 103 | |
| 4976647535 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (Unit 3) | 104 | |
| 4976647536 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (Indian Ocean Trade) |  | 105 |
| 4976647537 | Lateen Sail | Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind. (Indian Ocean Trade) |  | 106 |
| 4976647538 | Bantu Migration | Movement of West African people from c. 500 to 1000 CE to lands in southern and eastern Africa which were better suited for farmer and raising livestock. (Unit 3) |  | 107 |
| 4976647539 | Polynesian Migration | The Polynesians migrated eastward to Hawaii by boat to spread culture, bring a caste system, establish military and establish religion from the 600's-1300's., The Polynesians migrated eastward to Hawaii by boat to spread culture, bring a caste system, establish military and establish religion from the 600's-1300's. (Unit 3) | 108 | |
| 4976647540 | Viking Longboat | Very maneuverable boats of the Vikings, were able to be sailed on the open ocean and rivers, helped the Vikings attack much of western Europe. (Unit 3) |  | 109 |
| 4976647541 | Spread of Turkic Language | The Turkish language originated in Central Asia. Between the 6th and 11th centuries, the Turks moved west and south into Anatolia and the "Stans." (Unit 3) | 110 | |
| 4976647542 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. (Emerged in unit 3) |  | 111 |
| 4976647545 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. (Unit 3) |  | 112 |
| 4976647546 | Marco Polo | (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. (Unit 3) |  | 113 |
| 4976647547 | Xuanzang | (602-664) A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back. (Unit 3) |  | 114 |
| 4976647548 | Neo-Confucianism | A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. | 115 | |
| 4976647549 | al-Andalus | A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century CE. (Unit 3) | 116 | |
| 4976647550 | Gunpowder | An explosive powder made of saltpeter and other materials invented in China in the 9th century. (Unit 3) | 117 | |
| 4976647551 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state from 997-1022. It was responsible for a population explosion in China. (Unit 3) | 118 | |
| 4976647552 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 and had devastating effects through central Asia and China. (Unit 3) | 119 | |
| 4976647553 | Aztec Empire | (1428-1521) A Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. They converted themselves from nomads into the elite of a huge militaristic state; were destroyed by Cortes in 1521. (Unit 3) | 120 | |
| 4976647554 | Sultanate of Delhi | (1206-1526 CE) A South Asian state ruled by Islamic Turks. The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire. (Unit 3) | 121 | |
| 4976647555 | Mongol Khanates | Regions held under control of Mongol Khans including Khanates of Chaghati, Golden Horde, the Great Khan and Ilkhanate of Persia. (Unit 3) |  | 122 |
| 4976647556 | The Crusades | (1095- 1270) Eight crusades done by Western Christians to attempt to win back lands conquered by Muslims, specifically Jerusalem. In 1270, Crusaders believing the Eastern Orthodox religion was heresy, they conquered the Byzantine Empire. (Unit 3) |  | 123 |
| 4976647557 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (Unit 3) | 124 | |
| 4976647558 | Waru Waru | Agricultural techniques of south america; combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion. (Unit 3) |  | 125 |
| 4976647559 | Terracing | "Steps" carved into mountains to make the land flatter for farming. Used by Incans & Chinese to control erosion. |  | 126 |
| 4976647561 | Subsistence Agriculture | A labor system designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. | 127 | |
| 4976647562 | Guild Organization | These professional organizations bring together merchants and craftspeople in a particular profession. Guilds helped raise workmanship quality and professionalism by creating standards and rankings (apprentice, journeyman, and master). (Unit 3) | 128 | |
| 4976647563 | Corvee | Forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects. Used by France in the Middle Ages. (Unit 3) | 129 | |
| 4976647564 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s after the Great Dying killed so many Native Americans. Native Americans weren't lighting as many fires as they had before and millions more trees grew in North and South America leading to less CO2 in the atmosphere which cooled the planet. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (Unit 4) | 130 | |
| 4976647565 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. (Unit 3) | 131 | |
| 4976647566 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. (Unit 3 & 4) |  | 132 |
| 4976647567 | Mit'a | In the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. (Unit 3 & 4) | 133 | |
| 4976647568 | Religious Diffusion | In the Post-Classical era, the spread of religions. (Unit 3) |  | 134 |
| 4976647569 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. (Units 3 & 4) | 135 | |
| 4976647572 | Ottoman Empire | A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. (Units 3-6) | 136 | |
| 4976647574 | Russian Empire | The beginnings of the empire was due to Muscovite princes after the defeat of the Mongols in the late 1400s. In doing so, the princes absolved the authority of local princes. Ivan III used the Cossacks, the Russian version of the American western settlers, to expand and take over additional land. Meanwhile, Ivan solidified a centralized rule and claimed divine ordination. He proclaimed Moscow to be the new capital of the new empire. (Units 3-6) | 137 | |
| 4976647575 | Ghana Empire | (500-1200 CE) An empire of West Africa that traded with caravans and camels across the Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. (Unit 2-3) | 138 | |
| 4976647576 | Mali Empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. (Unit 3) | 139 | |
| 4976647586 | Zheng He | (1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. (Unit 4) |  | 140 |
