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| 158983060 | Lancados | Settlers and adventurers of Portuguese origin in Senegambia, the Cape Verde Islands and other areas of the West Africa. Many were Jews escaping persecution from the Portuguese Inquisition, and many had wives from the local African groups. | 0 | |
| 158983061 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 1 | |
| 158983062 | Indies piece | Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave. | 2 | |
| 158983063 | Great Trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. | 3 | |
| 158983064 | Shaka | A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state. (1816) | 4 | |
| 158983065 | Mfecane | Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa. | 5 | |
| 158983066 | Middle passages | refers to the forcible passage of African people from Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with commercial goods, which were in turn traded for kidnapped Africans who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the enslaved Africans were then sold or traded as commodities for raw materials. | 6 | |
| 158983067 | Suriname Maroons | Descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rain forests of Suriname and French Guiana. | 7 | |
| 158983068 | Zulu Wars | War fought in 1879 between the British and the African Zulu tribes. | 8 | |
| 158983069 | Diaspora | the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture). | 9 | |
| 158983070 | Saltwater Slaves | Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black. | 10 | |
| 158983071 | Creole Slaves | American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation. | 11 | |
| 158983072 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 12 | |
| 158983073 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 13 | |
| 158983074 | Safavid Dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. | 14 | |
| 158983075 | Imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | 15 | |
| 158983076 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. | 16 | |
| 158983077 | Mughal Dynasty | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | 17 | |
| 158983078 | Babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. | 18 | |
| 158983079 | Humayan | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly after. | 19 | |
| 158983080 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 20 | |
| 158983081 | Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife. | 21 | |
| 158983082 | Red Heads | name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear. | 22 | |
| 158983083 | Shah | Title given to kings who ruled Iran. | 23 | |
| 158983084 | Jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion. | 24 | |
| 158983085 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 25 | |
| 158983086 | French Revolution | the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 26 | |
| 158983087 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law. | 27 | |
| 158983088 | Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 28 | |
| 158983089 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 29 | |
| 158983090 | Guillotine | instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles. | 30 | |
| 158983091 | Liberalism | a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. | 31 | |
| 158983092 | Radicals | people who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. | 32 | |
| 158983093 | Socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | 33 | |
| 158983094 | Nationalism | the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other. | 34 | |
| 158983095 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 35 | |
| 158983096 | Louise Pasteur | discovered bacteria and germs and that they can create disease. | 36 | |
| 158983097 | Benjamin Disraeli | A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party. | 37 | |
| 158983098 | Count Camillo de Cavour | Prime minister of Piedmont who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy. | 38 | |
| 158983099 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. | 39 | |
| 158983100 | Otto Von Bismark | Prussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him. | 40 | |
| 158983101 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). | 41 | |
| 158983102 | Albert Einstein | physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. | 42 | |
| 158983103 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. | 43 | |
| 158983104 | Romanticism | a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. | 44 |
