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| 291297788 | Major trade routes | The silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, The Trans-Saharan caravan routes, The Indian Ocean | 0 | |
| 291297789 | Paleolithic | the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 1 | |
| 291297790 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period. | 2 | |
| 291297791 | Neolithic revolution | This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. | 3 | |
| 291297792 | River valley civilizations | a type of civilization situated next to a river to provide a water supply ex. Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, Nile Valley Civilization | 4 | |
| 291297793 | Sumerians | People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions. developed worlds first civilization | 5 | |
| 291297794 | Characteristics of civilization | Government,Language, Institutions, Specialization, trade, record keeping, advance technology, architecture. | 6 | |
| 291297795 | confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 7 | |
| 291297796 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns | 8 | |
| 291297797 | Aryans | Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who migrated into India around 1500 BCE. They are responsible for many aspects of current Indian culture including their language, sacred texts called the Vedas, and a system of government that later evolved into the caste system. | 9 | |
| 291297798 | Indian Caste system | 1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class | 10 | |
| 291297799 | Early Indian civilization | Dravidians, who are supposed to be the aboriginals, established the early civilization at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which both occupied vast number of people and delicate city system, such as drainage and irrigation. Two cities are believed to be established in about 2500 BC. | 11 | |
| 291297800 | Athens and Sparta | These were 2 different leading city-states of Classical Greece, enemies against each other. Peolopanisian war | 12 | |
| 291297801 | Socrates | Greek intellectual -Socratic method Q&A -Platos teacher | 13 | |
| 291297802 | Plato | Greek Intellectual- Found of academy in Athens, helped lay the foundations of western philosophy-student of Socrates | 14 | |
| 291297803 | Aristotle | Greek Intellectual- student of Plato and teacher- he concerned himself with how philosophy applied to subjects like writing, the arts, science, and logic | 15 | |
| 291297804 | Hellenistic Period | the blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences, a result of Alexander's empire; centered around Alexandria in Egypt; a grand library where scholars, teachers, and students gathered to read and learn; astronomical advances were made, as well as mathmatics, physics, philosophy, and art | 16 | |
| 291297805 | Republican Rome | - Romulus/Remus: Supposed twin founders of Rome - Roman state: Senate/people of Rome, Quasi-Republic - Two major classes: Patricians-- dominated state/provided military leadership. Plebians-- merchants, artisans, farmers - Plebians had more political power - Economically successful - Agriculure-- major element - Best engineering in the ancient worlds | 17 | |
| 291297806 | Roman Empire | An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome. | 18 | |
| 291297807 | Spread of Buddhism | Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the Himalayas. It was spread by monks who traveled to other countries to teach people the ways of Buddhism. The Silk Road brought the Chinese into contact with it. Each culture that made contact with Buddhism adapted it to their own needs | 19 | |
| 291297808 | spread of Islam | good fighters, moved quickly, had no strong enemies, devoted followers of Mohammed | 20 | |
| 291297809 | Rise of Islam | Religion started on the Arabian Peninsula in the 600's. Founded by the "Prophet" Muhammad - taught that there is one true God. Followers, called Muslims, believed that the Quran, the sacred book of Islam contained the exact word of God as told to Muhammad. - spread quickly due to trade | 21 | |
| 291297810 | Umayyads/Abbasids | umayyads- 1st ruling dynasty over the muslim caliphate. abbasid- the dynasty that over threw the umayyad dynasty to rule the muslim caliphate; the abbasids maintained the unity of the caliphate and islamic culture and civilization flourished. | 22 | |
| 291297811 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | 23 | |
| 291297812 | Caliph | successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims | 24 | |
| 291297813 | Wazir | chief and administrative official under abbasid caliphate | 25 | |
| 291297814 | Sultan | Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country. | 26 | |
| 291297815 | Sunni/Shi'is | Muslims sect, share most beliefs but differ over leadership in Muslim Community | 27 | |
| 291297816 | Indigenous African religion | polytheistic-animistic; included cosmology; Islam and Christianity (CopticChurch) later caught on in Africa | 28 | |
| 291297817 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 29 | |
| 291297818 | Mali | One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert. Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa, who converted to Islam and made a famous pilgrimage. | 30 | |
| 291297819 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade. | 31 | |
| 291297820 | Bantu | A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. | 32 | |
| 291297821 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 33 | |
| 291297822 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 34 | |
| 291297823 | Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire, after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia. | 35 | |
| 291297824 | Icons | religious images or paintings that are traditional among many Eastern Christians | 36 | |
| 291297825 | Early Russia | slavic people were influenced by byzantine cultures | 37 | |
| 291297826 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 38 | |
| 291297827 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E. | 39 | |
| 291297828 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity. | 40 | |
| 291297829 | Feudalism | a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land-William the conqueror brought this from Normandy with him-more political | 41 | |
| 291297830 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 42 | |
| 291297831 | Manorialism | where lords gave land to serfs in exchange for food.more economic | 43 | |
| 291297832 | Fief | an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe | 44 | |
| 291297833 | Clovis | under his rule, the Franks became Christians and created one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe | 45 | |
| 291297834 | Charlemagne | Born: April 7 47, died: jan 28 , * Best Known As: Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor. Charlemagne was the Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800. | 46 | |
| 291297835 | Pope Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attemped to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture | 47 | |
| 291297836 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe | 48 | |
| 291297837 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732;ended Muslim threat to western Europe | 49 | |
| 291297838 | Scholasticism | Associated with Thomas Aquinas: dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools of universities: based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 50 | |
| 291297839 | Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent; all titles and the political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca mummy, the emperors belongings are given to his male decendents but his power goes to his successor | 51 | |
| 291297840 | Toltec | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. Extremely militaristic ethic including human sacrfice | 52 | |
| 291297841 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 53 | |
| 291297842 | Quetzalcoatl | Toltec deity: feathered serpent, adopted by aztecs as major god. | 54 | |
| 291297843 | Chinampas | beds of aqwuatic weeds, mud, and erath placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to created floating islands system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs | 55 | |
| 291297844 | Mita | In Inca society: labor turns, communities were expected to take turns working on state and church lands | 56 | |
| 291297845 | Tambos | Way states used by Incas as inns and store houses; supply centers for Inca armies on more;relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | 57 | |
| 291297846 | Huitzilopochtili | Aztec tribal patron god, central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god | 58 | |
| 291297847 | Quipu | An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. | 59 | |
| 291297848 | Tenochtitlan | became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texococo in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica | 60 | |
| 291297849 | Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided a labor and warriors-kin group that ruled land | 61 | |
| 291297850 | Pipiltin | Nobility in Aztec society | 62 | |
| 291297851 | Inca | A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century. | 63 | |
| 291297852 | Neo-Confucianism | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on traditions and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences. | 64 | |
| 291297853 | wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology | 65 | |
| 291297854 | Jinshi | Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office | 66 | |
| 291297855 | Sui dynasty | As one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Wendi(harsh rule and force labor) in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal.(excessive spending)gov-based on Confucianism with heavy Buddhist influence | 67 | |
| 291297856 | Tang dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. time when Buddhism came but Confucianism destroyed it. considered golden age- founded by Li family-Li Yuan first emperor-capital at chang-an-Scholar gentry rule | 68 | |
| 291297857 | Song dynasty | (960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu (originally Zhao Kuangyin); by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings | 69 | |
| 291297858 | scholar gentry | In China, the class of prosperous families next in wealth below the rural aristocrats from which the rulers drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise, these officials became a privileged group and made the government more efficient and responsive than in the past. | 70 | |
| 291297859 | Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 71 | |
| 291297860 | The Tale of Genji | Written by Lady Murasaki, first novel in any language;relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor: evidence for manner style of Japanese society | 72 | |
| 291297861 | Shoguns | For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns. Military leaders of the Bakufu( military governments in Japan) | 73 | |
| 291297862 | Sepukku | if a samurai broke bushido, samurais had to commit suicide called this | 74 | |
| 291297863 | where was Chinese culture adopted | Korea and Japan, but not so much in Vietnam | 75 | |
| 291297864 | Bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai-emperor was figurhead | 76 | |
| 291297865 | Daimyos | powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun- demanded loyalty from nights | 77 | |
| 291297866 | Fujiwara family | Ruling family in the 11th century where the central government power began to fall and feudal landowners began to dominate lands. The countryside was lawless and very dangerous at the time. | 78 | |
| 291297867 | bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administrated the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies. | 79 | |
| 291297868 | Samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi) loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 80 | |
| 291297869 | Heian Japan | Period in which Japanese emperors lost their true power and became figureheads; Chinese culture was prevailed over Japanese | 81 | |
| 291297870 | Eta | Japan's outcast class, whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa | 82 | |
| 291297871 | Zen Buddhism | school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith | 83 | |
| 291297872 | Han | A daimyos land | 84 | |
| 291297873 | Izanagi, Izanami, + Amerterasu | Japanese gods | 85 |
