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| 11511356225 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 0 | |
| 11511360750 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 1 | |
| 11511367837 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 2 | |
| 11511370508 | Ghana Empire | Soninke clans led the empire in the 600s-800s in West Africa. | 3 | |
| 11511374458 | Mali Empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. | 4 | |
| 11511377210 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 5 | |
| 11511379851 | Songhai Empire | a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591 | 6 | |
| 11511383019 | Sonni/Sunni Ali | 1465-1492 followed a Muslim practices, but was also regarded as a magician with an invisibility charm | 7 | |
| 11511387209 | oral literature | Stories passed down from generation to generation by mouth | 8 | |
| 11511387210 | Benin | a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s | 9 | |
| 11511389835 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 10 | |
| 11511393369 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 11 | |
| 11511396238 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305) | 12 |
