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| 3682992737 | Shang Dynasty | First Chinese dynasty founded by Tang, who overthrew regional leaders. This dynasty made major technical advancements in metallurgy and bronzework. | 0 | |
| 3682993732 | Neolithic Revolution | Around 8000 BCE, humans discovered agriculture and settled into permanent settlements, which allowed for the development of advanced social and economic systems. | 1 | |
| 3682993745 | Job Specialization | Food surplus and efficient food production allowed for the opportunity for people to specialize in a specific task. Toolmaking and other crafts led to the basics of economy and trade. | 2 | |
| 3682996225 | Indus River Valley Civilization | River valley civilization near India, where Hinduism began to develop. Independent agriculture and irrigation led to the growth of Harappa and Mohen Daro, 2 major cities that became social and trading centers. | 3 | |
| 3682996226 | Olmecs | Civilization in modern-day Mexico. The first Mesoamerican civilization that laid the groundwork for other civilizations. Polytheistic animism which resulted in the carving of gigantic stone heads honoring the gods and ancestors. |  | 4 |
| 3682997560 | Animism | Religion focused on nature and nature spirits, which was widespread in unsettled areas and primitive civilizations. | 5 | |
| 3682997561 | Bantu | Language family and group of people from Central Africa that later became the basis of Swahili in West Africa due to migration. | 6 | |
| 3682998630 | Domestication | The taming of wild pigs, sheep, and goats and other beasts of burden created extra labor and another source of movable food. | 7 | |
| 3682998631 | Nubia | Also known as the Kush, it is an indigenous kingdom with cultural traditions and social institutions. It had strong trading ties with Egypt, as both had luxury goods. | 8 | |
| 3682999530 | Ziggurat | Temples in Mesopotamia and the Indus that were devoted to the gods and religious housing. |  | 9 |
| 3683000749 | Egalitarian Society | Early human society was equal, meaning that men and women shared equal roles in child raising and food production. This sharing of labor created equity. | 10 | |
| 3683000750 | Social Stratification | Societal hierarchies began to emerge with job specialization, which allowed for the emergence of social classes. (Artisans, Merchants, Slaves, Elites/Leaders, and Farmers) | 11 | |
| 3683002648 | Patriarchal Society | As food production was more efficient, population was growing and the major food production came from men, while the women were forced to look after an increased number of children. | 12 | |
| 3683002649 | Hammurabi's Code | Codification of law in Babylon, published by King Hammurabi. Laid out a basic justice system with basic laws and punishments. "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth..." | 13 | |
| 3683003747 | Chavin | Civilization in modern day Peru that was technologically advanced with metallurgy and environmental control. The prominent form of religion was animism, with the jaguar as a major religious symbol. | 14 | |
| 3683004773 | Hunting-Foraging Society | Early man depended on hunting and foraging for all food and resources, requiring up to 10 square miles for a single person. Didn't allow for job specialization and resulted in egalitarian society. | 15 | |
| 3683004774 | Cuneiform | Earliest form of written language that was used in Sumeria, allowing for the keeping of records. Its alphabet is triangular in appearance. | 16 | |
| 3683006838 | Hinduism | Dominant religion in India and the surrounding area. It evolved and changed as it spread. Polytheistic, believed in reincarnation. Main gods were Brahmin (Universal Spirit) and Shiva (The Destroyer). | 17 | |
| 3683006839 | Hebrew Monotheism | Also known as Judaism, it is the oldest form of monotheism. Their holy book is the Torah, and only believed in one god. | 18 | |
| 3683006840 | Mesopotamia | River valley civilization near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Fertile Crescent, where agriculture first emerged. Farming and access to iron led to the growth of Babylonians, Akkadians, Sumerians, and many others. They are known for the construction of Ziggurats, complex culture and social hierarchy, and codified law (Hammurabi's Code). | 19 | |
| 3683008165 | Fertile Crecent | The area in which agriculture first emerged in the Middle East, where cereal crops and other grasses were cultivated. The hearth of modern civilization and the Neolithic Revolution. | 20 | |
| 3683008166 | Food Surplus | Excess food production and the ability to store food allowed for much development in economic and social areas, specifically job specialization, patriarchy and social stratification. | 21 | |
| 3683010028 | Nile River Valley Civilization | River valley civilization in Northeast Africa that eventually provided the basis of Egypt. Led by the pharaoh, a godlike ruler. They made massive technical leaps in math, medicine and many other areas. They were highly polytheistic and honored dead leaders through the construction of pyramids. Fostered trade with the Middle East, Nubia, and Africa. | 22 | |
| 3683017260 | Huang He(Yellow) River Valley Civilization | River valley civilization, where the Shang dynasty began to develop. Suffered from major flooding which led them to grow rice which created a food surplus. | 23 | |
| 3683017261 | Irrigation Systems | Technical development that allowed for more reliable production of food surplus because it controlled the flow of water, which required the oversight of a leader, which spawned the basis of governments. | 24 | |
| 3683018427 | Nomadic Pastoralism | A form of agriculture that herded animals between grazing areas based on seasons. They are responsible for spreading technology and ideas to other areas as they migrated. | 25 | |
| 3683019936 | Development of Basic Tools | The wheel, plow, and metallurgy as well as basic tools allowed for more efficient work in agriculture, allowing for transportation and the creation of more surplus. | 26 | |
| 3683019937 | Rig Veda | The most important holy script of Indo-European Aryans, who came into India in 1500 BCE. | 27 | |
| 3683022067 | Zoroastrianism | Mono/Polytheistic religion that focused on the teachings of Zoroaster in 600 BCE. | 28 | |
| 3683023986 | Persian Empire | Also known as the Achaemenid Empire, this empire was founded by Cyrus the Great. | 29 | |
| 3683023987 | Cyrus the Great | Founder of the Achaemenid Empire, expanded and conquered much of the area around Persia. When conquering other empires, he respected and let them keep their cultures. | 30 | |
| 3683025783 | Royal Road | A massive road spanning the entire length of the Achaemenid Empire, built by Darius I in the 5th century BC. It facilitated rapid travel, was guarded by an army, and had a postal service and inns every few kilometers. | 31 | |
| 3683025784 | Dynastic Cycle | A new dynasty would come into power, bear fruit, and then get replaced due to arising problems in their leadership. | 32 | |
| 3683026977 | Mandate of Heaven | The idea that the right to rule was given by divine powers, and the Shang lost it with their poor treatment and bad behavior. | 33 | |
| 3683026978 | Zhou Dynasty | The 1st dynasty following the Shang, based hierarchy off of an emperor and feudalism. Fell due to a lack of power after regional lords stopped paying and conquered the others. | 34 | |
| 3683028389 | Feudalism | A system of government in which nobility ruled over portions of land given to them by the emperor in exchange for payment and military force. | 35 | |
| 3683028390 | Mandarin Chinese | The first unifying language in China, created during the Zhou dynasty. | 36 | |
| 3683029465 | Qin Dynasty | The dynasty following the Zhou, first led by Shi Huangdi, who built roads, temples, and the Great Wall of China. | 37 | |
| 3683029466 | Shi Huangdi | Reunited China after the warring states period. He was the 1st emperor of the Qin dynasty. Built roads, temples, and the Great Wall of China. | 38 | |
| 3683030550 | Great Wall of China | A massive wall spanning a border that was used to prevent invasion from nomadic people and other empires. Built by the Qin Dynasty and Shi Huangdi. | 39 | |
| 3683030551 | Terracotta Warriors | A collection of sculptures inside Shi Huangdi's tomb in the form of an army standing in formation. Made from clay and were crafted by artisans. | 40 | |
| 3683031803 | Han Dynasty | The 3rd dynasty following the Shang, led by Wu Ti. Utilized a Confucian bureaucracy. | 41 | |
| 3683031804 | Wu Ti | Emperor during the Han Dynasty who conquered land to add to the Chinese empire. Promoted Confucianism in government. | 42 | |
| 3683031805 | Bureaucracy | Wu Ti set up the government in the form of a well organized bureaucracy, so that there was a division of power with set roles. | 43 | |
| 3683033557 | Fall of Han | The dynasty was destroyed by nomadic warlords after a financial collapse. | 44 | |
| 3683033558 | Confucianism | A religion that believes that people in power should act morally and justly, based on ancestral worship and familial relations. Founded by Confucius and and their holy script is the Analects. Emphasized education and the personal development of morality. | 45 | |
| 3683034771 | Legalism | A basis for government that believes in strict laws and harsh punishment. Created by Han Fei, it promoted only farmers and soldiers.Utilized mainly in the Qin dynasty. | 46 | |
| 3683034772 | Taoism | Disagrees with Confucianism, founded by Laozi, who wrote the Daodejing. Encouraged naturalistic behavior and living in small communities. | 47 | |
| 3683038174 | Mauryan and Gupta Empires | Powerful Indian Empires that unified the Indian subcontinent. Grew wealthy from taxes and trade routes. The Mauryan were a conquest empire while the Gupta controlled through advanced social hierarchy and culture. | 48 | |
| 3683038175 | Regionalism | The empires broke their leadership into regions, allowing for regional lords to manage the empire while the unified regions are controlled. | 49 | |
| 3683038176 | Buddhism | A universalizing religion popular due to its lack of discrimination. Follows no caste system, founded by Siddhartha Gautama. Emphasizes the 4 Noble Truths and the eightfold path. | 50 | |
| 3683039657 | Ashoka | The first leader to convert to Buddhism and promote its practice, during the Mauryan dynasty. | 51 | |
| 3683039658 | Caste System | There was a social system that had Brahmins(priests), Kshatriyas(warriors), Vaishyas(merchants), and Shudras(servants and laborers). People were born into these caste systems. | 52 | |
| 3683041208 | Phoenicia | An empire of independent city states in modern-day Syria. | 53 | |
| 3683041209 | Greek City States | Includes Spartan and Athens, they were autonomous from each other but worked to maintain unity within Greece through diplomatic ties. | 54 | |
| 3683042362 | Hellenistic Period | The period of time during which Alexander the Great's empire stood. | 55 | |
| 3683042363 | Macedonia | Birthplace and empire of Alexander the Great, who expanded the Achaemenid Empire and began the Hellenistic Period. | 56 | |
| 3683043085 | Alexander the Great | Son of Philip II, Alexander spread his empire into the Indian river valleys and far beyond. | 57 | |
| 3683043086 | Peloponnesian Wars | A war between Athens and Sparta that resulted in the reshaping of Greece and the outlying area. | 58 | |
| 3683044532 | Roman Empire | Originally a republic, it became an emperor ruled society that was very powerful, spanning a massive area. They had a unique culture and architectural style. | 59 | |
| 3683044533 | Roman Republic | The original Roman leadership structure consisted of a much more stable Senate and Assembly, where the Senate contained people that were voted into office and the Assembly, who were meant to represent the views of the people. Very similar to the USA's current governmental structure. | 60 | |
| 3683044540 | Roman Social Structure | The vast majority of social hierarchy was based upon birth, although women were most commonly looked down upon. | 61 | |
| 3683047697 | Roman Military | The Roman military was well-equipped and utilized a drafting system. It fell apart due to the exceptions to the draft system and a lack of military funding. | 62 | |
| 3683049336 | Fall of Rome | A lack of strong leadership, financial crisis, and a weak military lead to conquering by nomadic people and other empires leaving the Roman empire decimated. | 63 | |
| 3683058879 | Jewish Diaspora | Romans forced many Jews to migrate and disperse throughout Europe and the Mediterranean due to their religious prosecution. | 64 | |
| 3683058880 | Roads | These allowed for fast and safe land travel. They created faster navigation, trade routes, and postal communication systems. Military protection helped promote interregional travel. | 65 | |
| 3683058881 | Merchants | The driving force behind economic growth and global commerce, Managed the trading of luxury goods and the arrival of new technologies in other areas. | 66 | |
| 3683060360 | Silk Road | Major trade route starting in Western China and spanning into the Mediterranean. Allowed for massive cultural diffusion, such as Buddhism, trade of agricultural products, technology, and silk. It was guarded, but nomadic people made money by taxing those who passed through. | 67 | |
| 3683061794 | Saddles/Stirrups | Allowed for faster land travel over long distances because of increase comfort and riding safety. | 68 | |
| 3683061795 | Constantine | The first emperor and founder of the Byzantine Empire. | 69 | |
| 3683063166 | Constantinople | Capital of the Byzantine empire, with large defensive walls and founded by Constantine. Famous for its walls, aquaducts, and naval defenses. Became major trade center. Eventually fell to the Ottomans and became Istanbul. | 70 | |
| 3683063167 | Holy Roman Empire | An empire founded by Charlemagne with strong religious ties. It was neither holy nor Roman. | 71 | |
| 3683861456 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks, founded the Holy Roman Empire and brought a new age about. Was crowned leader by the Pope. | 72 | |
| 3683065273 | Roman Architechture | Emphasized massive public works, such as the Colosseum or Great Library. Had massive columns made of marble and intricate masonry. | 73 | |
| 3683066449 | Greek Philosophy | Emphasized the nature of mankind. Included Aristotle and Democritus, who both pondered the meaning of life and the nature of humanity. | 74 | |
| 3683070891 | Trans-Saharan Trade | Major trade route linking the Mediterranean and Africa. Mainly traded gold, salt, and agricultural products and luxury goods. Mixed many cultures, resulting in cultural and technological diffusion. | 75 | |
| 3683070892 | Camels | Desert-faring animals that allowed for the reliable and bulk transport of goods for trade over land, allowing for larger trade transactions. | 76 | |
| 3683070893 | Hellenistic Culture | Blended many different cultures, but mainly spread Greek ideals and architecture around the Mediterranean. | 77 | |
| 3683073485 | Christianity | A monotheistic religion with roots in Judaism, originated when Jesus of Nazareth was crucified. The religion was spread through the Roman Empire by his disciples. | 78 | |
| 3683076035 | Ancestral Veneration | The worship of ancestry, who were said to control aspects of real life. | 79 | |
| 3683076036 | Filial Piety | Honoring one's elders, ancestors, and leaders through showing respect to the hierarchy and providing tribute. Massive piece of Chinese and Confucian culture. | 80 | |
| 3683077796 | Slaves | Provided a cheap labor force wherever they were provided, allowed for increased production while removing crucial pieces of the population from danger. | 81 | |
| 3683078731 | The Huns | A nomadic people known for their military strength and equestrian skills, conquered the Chinese and many other people, leading to the fall of several empires. | 82 | |
| 3683078732 | Attila the Hun | Famous leader of the Huns, prolific breeder, creating a massive lineage that could be traced back to him. | 83 | |
| 3683080504 | Indian Ocean Trade | "Monsoon Marketplace", Linked China, Africa and the Middle East, trading spices and other luxury goods. This trade was facilitated by an increase in naval technology. | 84 | |
| 3683080505 | Lateen Sails | A triangular sail that allowed for downwind and upwind sailing. Originated in the Mediterranean and mainly used for commerce. | 85 | |
| 3683083090 | Greek Plays | These plays most often explored an important question about humanity, reflecting Greek philosophy and culture. | 86 | |
| 3683088819 | Sui Dynasty | The dynasty directly following the Han, after the Era of Division. The scholar-gentry stopped being used and nomadic warlords ruled over China. | 87 | |
| 3684002558 | Buddhism in the Era of Division | Due to the fragmentation of China, Buddhism was popular because it provided structure for the general populace. | 88 | |
| 3683088820 | Grand Canal | Built by the Sui did not reach Chang'an (large trade city on the Silk Road), it linked the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers as a key component to trade within the empire. | 89 | |
| 3683090453 | Tang Dynasty | Directly following the Sui dynasty, the leaders of the Tang originated from the nomadic Turks in northern China. Mainly confucian, but strongly influenced by Buddhism and other military organizations. Re-emphasized the Scholar-gentry. | 90 | |
| 3683090454 | Buddhism in Tang Dynasty | Buddhism was originally looked upon favorably, but this opinion shifted with the times, as the Tang later began to shut down Buddhist temples in later years. | 91 | |
| 3683093159 | Scholar-Gentry Class | An aristocratic class of scholars who became a part of the bureaucracy through civil service exams, which provided an entry of peasants into higher classes. | 92 | |
| 3683094905 | Equal Field System | Upon death, only 20% of land holdings could be inherited, while the rest was taken by the government and distributed based on need. | 93 | |
| 3683095964 | Song Dynasty | Following the Tang Dynasty, it led to the reform of Buddhism and increased influence on patriarchal society. | 94 | |
| 3683095965 | Neo-Confucianism | A blending of Buddhism and Confucianism for mass appeal. Favored mainly men, and subjugated women. An example of this is the forced seclusion of high-class women and foot binding. | 95 | |
| 3683097941 | Zhu Xi | A famous Neo-Confucian scholar who was essential in interpreting religious texts, leading to the founding of Neo-Confucianism. | 96 | |
| 3683100107 | Gender Roles in Song | Women's position was significantly hurt, which could be exemplified through the creation of foot binding and the forced seclusion of women. | 97 | |
| 3683100108 | Gunpowder | Invented during the Song dynasty, later came to be the dominant force on the battlefield, allowing for the creation of guns and cannons. | 98 | |
| 3683101232 | Paper Currency | Standardized currency provided the basis of economy, promoted local business and self-sufficiency. | 99 | |
| 3683101233 | Civil Service Exams | These exams allowed for people to enter the scholar gentry or bureaucracy. Basis of a meritocracy, ensured that the people were content and represented. | 100 | |
| 3683102790 | Fall of Song Dynasty | The fall was due to invasion by the Mongols. | 101 | |
| 3683102791 | Sinification | The spread of Chinese culture and values into other areas. | 102 | |
| 3683104259 | Sinification in Korea | Korea remained fairly independent however China still had a very apparent impact specifically on the upper class trade goods such as ceremonial clothing, silks, teas, Confucian and Buddhist texts, and art were sought after by the Korean aristocracy. They had established a tributary relationship with China Korea generally remained politically independent from China during their tribunal relationship.However, it should be noted that much of the cultural influences did not make it below the upper class | 103 | |
| 3683106346 | Impacts of Sinification on Korean Women | ***Confucian values and Chinese culture in Korea had a negative impact on Korean women. The Chinese disliked "free choice" marriages in Korea. The Chinese disliked women singing and dancing together late into the night. Via the support of the Korean Court Chinese values were instilled in family life and female behavior emphasized in the upper class. Moreover, women would have to live with their husbands now because according to Confucian values women belonged to the husband's family. | 104 | |
| 3683109388 | Sinification in Vietnam | Highly resistant, negative reaction among the lower classes, which led to the rebellions led by Trung Trac, who addressed 30,000 soldiers and eventually committed suicide once her rebellion was crushed. She is now considered a folk hero. | 105 | |
| 3683247541 | Trung Trac | Rebellion leader in Vietnam who became a folk hero after committing suicide rather than be captured. | 106 | |
| 3683249578 | Sinification of Japan | Japan borrowed extensively from Chinese culture voluntarily, which led to the unification of Japan through a strong court system and Chinese-based laws, taxes, and provincial administration. | 107 | |
| 3683250682 | Shotoku Tiashi | A prominent aristocrat who launched a series of missions into China to gather information, trade, and culture. | 108 | |
| 3683252166 | Seventeen Article Constitution | The Japanese declaration of a Chinese-style emperor, encouraging both Buddhism and Confucianism. | 109 | |
| 3683252167 | Bushido | The way of the warrior, or military honor code in Japan. | 110 | |
| 3683253375 | Kami/Shinto | Sacred spirits associated with human ancestry and various other natural phenomena. Later became known as Shinto. | 111 | |
| 3683253376 | Tributary System | A payment to a leader to maintain good favor, most commonly used in China. Punishment for not paying a tribute could include torture or death. | 112 | |
| 3683254593 | Kowtow | A deep, respectful bow before and emperor, used mainly in China. | 113 | |
| 3683254594 | Hegemony | Regional control through tribute. | 114 | |
| 3683255816 | Middle Kingdom | China referred to itself as the center of the world, as their demands were met by the surrounding areas that they controlled. | 115 | |
| 3683255817 | Mongol Empire | Controlled a massive empire throughout Asia, India, and Russia that came from a nomadic conquering group led by Ghengis Khan. | 116 | |
| 3683258496 | Mongolian Warfare | Took place mainly on horseback, with units of roughly 10,000 men in each unit. Each unit was made up of men from various tribes in order to decrease the likelihood of a revolt or unrest among the military. Desertion was punishable by death. Units also assimilated conquered people into their ranks in order to supplement their lost numbers. They adapted siege weaponry, gunpowder, and other innovations into their military ranks. | 117 | |
| 3683258497 | Genghis Khan | Born into a poor nomadic tribe as Temujin, he proved his skill as a tactician by uniting the nomadic Mongol tribes. He conquered the majority of the largest land empire ever seen, and became supreme leader of the Great Mongol Nation. | 118 | |
| 3683260283 | Karakorum | The capitol of the Mongol Empire, center of the meritocracy. | 119 | |
| 3683260284 | Mongol Persia | In Persia, the Mongol takeover was far more abrupt, with the first invasion led by Genghis Khan and a second invasion led 30 year after by Hulegu. The Mongol victory was a shock and put an end to the Abbasid caliphate. They instituted a policy of torture, heavy taxes, removal of peasants from their land, and desertification due to a large number of pastures picked through by nomads. | 120 | |
| 3683261573 | Mongol Persian Rule | The Mongols utilized the advanced bureaucracy, leaving the majority of government responsibility in Persian hands. Their leadership was tyrannical, strict, and harsh with high taxes and strict laws. | 121 | |
| 3683261574 | Mongol Persian Impacts | Certain areas of industry increased, such as the production of wine(Mongol obsession with alcohol) and silk production(close contact with China). Mongols converted to Islam after their leader, Ghazan, converted. The Mongols were eventually assimilated completely with the native Persian people, adopting their culture and religion completely, even adopting agriculture and rejecting nomadism. | 122 | |
| 3683263439 | Mongol Russia | Kievan Rus fell to Mongols, whereupon skilled laborers were deported or sold into slavery, which caused the Russian economy and industry to suffer harshly before it recovered. | 123 | |
| 3683263440 | Mongol Russia Rule | This invasion created the Kipchak Khanate, named after the Kipchak people above the North Caspian sea. The Russians referred to this invasion as the Khanate of the Golden Horde. The Mongols did not occupy or actively rule the Russians, as they could easily control the territory from the Steppes, meaning that a tribute could be paid and the Mongols could live their original lifestyle. | 124 | |
| 3683265073 | Mongol Russia Impacts | The Russian economy was crippled, the aristocracy became rich, and the Mongols remained relatively untampered with, as their customs did not change. Princes were in charge of tribute collection, so as they collected tribute they were able to take some money and keep it for themselves. This eventually led to the downfall of the Mongols in Russia, because the princes became too rich and powerful. | 125 | |
| 3683266507 | Mongol China | Invasions began in Northern China and traveled south in order to bring an end to the Song Dynasty. | 126 | |
| 3683266508 | Kublai Khan | The Mongol leader of China, who created policy including the lowering of some taxes, limited the death penalty, and supported local industry by patronizing local artisans and creating policy to protect peasant farmers. | 127 | |
| 3683266509 | Yuan Dynasty | The dynasty was relatively short, and was the dynastic name that the Mongols claimed for themselves. | 128 | |
| 3683268420 | Yuan Dynasty Rule | The Mongols were willing to accommodate the local people, such as allowing them to retain their land in exchange for their support and neutrality. China was unified once again, as the Mongols claimed the Mandate of Heaven. They also adopted the Chinese forms of leadership, including their hierarchies, taxation systems, and postal system. Despite this, the mongols were resented due to their exploitation of the locals, their refusal to assimilate, unfair laws that more harshly punished the Chinese, and the Mongols did not always obey Confucian beliefs. They were eventually forced out by plague, monetary inflation, and peasant rebellions. | 129 | |
| 3683269662 | Yuan Dynasty Impacts | The Mongols unified China, improved infrastructure, and further developed the philosophy of Confucianism and Daoism. They also lowered taxes, limited the death penalty, and prohibited Mongols from grazing on the peasants' farmland. | 130 | |
| 3683271120 | Ain Jalut | The Mongols were defeated in Palestine by the Egyptians, creating a barrier against their conquest. | 131 | |
| 3683272193 | Attempt To Invade Japan | The Mongols failed to invade overseas due to their lack of a strong naval presence, making Japan unreachable. | 132 | |
| 3683272194 | Mongol Women | Mongol women enjoyed much more freedom in comparison to many other civilizations, and the Mongols had a much more egalitarian system. Women were viewed as equals in their own right, and would move around with the men in the military forces. They could accompany their husbands on hunts and on military invasions, and were considered equals within the Mongol tribes. | 133 | |
| 3683273242 | Mongol Women vs. Chinese Women | In comparison with Chinese women, the Mongol women were much better off. Chinese women were generally at the mercy of their husbands, hidden away or restricted to the home due to Confucian beliefs. Also, Chinese women were often crippled due to foot binding, a practice used by the Chinese to ensure women had small feet. This process often crippled women and forced them to have a weaker position in society. On the other hand, Mongol women never adopted these customs, allowing the women to retain their relative freedom. | 134 | |
| 3683274358 | Mongol Impacts on Trade | The Mongols created many important trade routes, as well as restoring the Silk Road. They also creates postal and way stations, protecting the area and facilitating travel. This also led to the diffusion of disease. | 135 | |
| 3683274359 | Mongol Diffusion of Ideas | The Mongols learned military tactics, taxation systems, and ways to rule through conquest. Then, they took these ideas and spread them to other areas. For example, the Mongols used knowledge of Chinese artillery to capture Persia. | 136 | |
| 3683277195 | Silk | An important luxury good found mainly in China, it was in high demand all over Afro-Eurasia. | 137 | |
| 3683277196 | Caliphates | A Muslim religious leader. | 138 | |
| 3684245698 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph after the death of Mohammad, father in law. | 139 | |
| 3684266207 | Sunni/Shia Split | The Sunni belief is that Abu Bakr was the rightful first caliph, and Shia believe that that Ali Talib, a cousin, should have been the caliph. Resulted in conflict. | 140 | |
| 3684291337 | Umayyad Caliphate | The first Islamic empire. | 141 | |
| 3684293132 | Damascus | Capital of the Umayyad Dynasty, situated in modern Syria. | 142 | |
| 3684296638 | Abbasid Dynasty | The second Islamic empire. | 143 | |
| 3684298267 | Baghdad | Capital of the Abbasid dynasty. | 144 | |
| 3684300162 | Sharia Law | The taxation of the non-Muslim population, which led to mass conversion, or Mawalis. | 145 | |
| 3684308035 | Griots | Travelling poets, storytellers who maintained an oral history over much of Africa. | 146 | |
| 3683278962 | Vikings | Northern nomadic people that dominated, conquered, and then settled large parts of Northern Europe. | 147 | |
| 3683278963 | Polynesia | Became valuable trading outposts, which allowed for the taxation of passing trade ships and Spice Islands. | 148 | |
| 3683278964 | Muhammad | The founder of the Muslim faith. | 149 | |
| 3683280291 | Printing | A massively important technology that allowed for higher literacy and the spread of religion, allowed for dissemination of information among the people. | 150 | |
| 3683280292 | Black Death | Spread rapidly to the overpopulated cities, decreasing the population. Drove people to rebel and convert to Christianity. | 151 | |
| 3683280510 | Delhi Sultanate | A Muslim kingdom in India, with its capitol situated over Delhi. Became the dominant empire of the subcontinent. | 152 | |
| 3683281721 | Inca | Mesoamerican empire that ruled through a central government and regional governments. Trade was more prominent as a major economic activity, resulting in a spread of culture. Most widely known for step pyramids, human sacrifice, and worship of celestial bodies. | 153 | |
| 3683282587 | Timbuktu | A massive trade center in Islamic Africa that allowed for trade with the rest of the Islamic world. | 154 | |
| 3683282588 | Porcelain | A luxury good from China that was in very high demand globally, which allowed merchants to make their fortune selling it to the Islamic cities and Europe. | 155 | |
| 3683283964 | Berbers | A nomadic North African group responsible for the diffusion of Islam and technology throughout Africa. Also traded with native people as they traveled. | 156 | |
| 3683285597 | Ibn Battuta | Major Islamic explorer who visited all over Afro-Eurasia and created many different historical texts that contain important information on other cultures. | 157 | |
| 3683287169 | Crusades | A conflict between Christianity and Islam that created a massive military and spawned conflicts in Europe and the Middle East. | 158 | |
| 3683288456 | Swahili Coast | A Bantu-dominated region of West Africa that was exposed to Islam, developing into the Swahili people and language. | 159 | |
| 3683288457 | Byzantine Empire | Originated from the fall of Rome, the Byzantines were the West half of the Roman Empire, which fell due to civil war and nomadic people. Lead through a bureaucracy. | 160 | |
| 3683289737 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 161 | |
| 3683289738 | Champa Rice | A type of rice from Vietnam that thrived in China, allowing for the more efficient production of crops and food surplus. | 162 | |
| 3683290738 | Cordoba | A city in modern-day Spain that was home to the Islamic caliphate for the time being. Created by the Romans, ruled by the Muslims. | 163 | |
| 3683290739 | Aztec | Political Structure: Made up of city-states that are led by regional lords. Economic Structure: Trade was internal mostly, centered in Tlatelolco. Led by pochteca, or merchants that let the ascend to nobility. Social Structure: Followed strict social hierarchy: nobles, commoners, and slaves. Culture: Much of their culture was dominated by human sacrifice and a warrior culture, and much of their monumental architecture was centered around religion. | 164 | |
| 3683292175 | Trading Guilds | An important economic development that standardized the production of all artisan goods, standardized pricing and work conditions in order to ensure that everyone was making money. | 165 | |
| 3683292176 | Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determining latitude. Developed by Chinese and diffused into Indian Ocean Basin by 11th century. | 166 | |
| 3683292177 | Portugal | A powerful economic force that allowed for the exploration of new trade routes to India and the Americas, became very rich through their conquering of Brazil and the creation of sugar plantations. | 167 | |
| 3683293262 | Mercantilism | An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | 168 | |
| 3683293263 | Potatoes | A major cash crop originating from the Americas that was spread to Europe, as it thrived in the soil there and allowed for greater food production. | 169 | |
| 3683293264 | Horses | The introduction of horses into the new world allowed for faster travel and the conquering of the natives with ease. | 170 | |
| 3683293265 | Voodoo | A New World faith that combined West African Animism with Christianity. Prominent in Haiti and South America. | 171 | |
| 3683294630 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 172 | |
| 3683294631 | Mughals | A Muslim empire founded by Babur(a descendant of Timur), which extended over India. Experienced prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. For a while was an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions. | 173 | |
| 3683294632 | Mulatto | A person of mixed African and European ancestry. | 174 | |
| 3683295739 | Devshirme | The policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim servants and soldiers. | 175 | |
| 3683295740 | Russian Empire | The empire was created with the defeat of the Mongols, which was helped along by the help of the Cossacks. Moscow became the capital and was lead by a strong central force. | 176 | |
| 3683295741 | Britan | Became a strong naval force, colonized the East Coast of North America. Gained access to crops like cotton and tobacco. | 177 | |
| 3683295742 | Caravel | Thin, highly maneuverable boats with lateen sails used by the Portuguese, allowing for the Portuguese to access trade in China and Japan. | 178 | |
| 3683297004 | Spain | Conquered large sections of Mexico and Mesoamerica in order to gain access to new resources and luxury goods, dispatching the Inca in the process. | 179 | |
| 3683297005 | Atlantic Slave Trade | A need for cheap labor in the Americas spawned the demand for slaves, who were sold by Africans to traders and then shipped to the Americas for work in silver mines and sugar plantations. This caused a massive decrease in African populations. | 180 | |
| 3683297006 | Cash Crops | The discovery of sugar, indigo, tobacco and cotton all allowed for these luxury agricultural products to be sold in Europe for a high price, making plantation owners very rich. | 181 | |
| 3683299559 | Syncreticism | The blending of cultures in order to form new ones or adopting new customs. | 182 | |
| 3683299560 | Renaissance Art | Displayed Christian religious values, which was a major cultural force at the time. | 183 | |
| 3683299561 | Manchu | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | 184 | |
| 3683300656 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai. | 185 | |
| 3683300657 | Versailles | A French palace to serve as a spectacle and meeting place for French leadership, served as a consolidation of power where the king could keep a close eye on regional leadership. | 186 | |
| 3683302337 | Chinese Bureaucracy | Focused mainly on merit through the civil service exams, which allowed for peasants to take part in the large bureaucracy that controlled the vast majority of China. Consisted of the scholar gentry and eunuchs. | 187 | |
| 3683302338 | Dutch | The Dutch focused trading efforts on the Spice Islands and founded a trading company that worked with Asia, India, and Africa through the creation of trading outposts from which culture and technology could spread. | 188 | |
| 3683302339 | Zheng He | Famous Chinese explorer during the Ming dynasty, a eunuch who explored much of the world around China in order to expand international policy and trade. | 189 | |
| 3683303386 | Silver | A product mined in American colonies by the natives and slaves, it was mainly bought in the Philippines by Japan and China. Caused widespread inflation and the collapse of a few international markets. | 190 | |
| 3683303387 | Smallpox | This Old World disease spread among the indigenous people of the Americas, decimating their population and causing widespread illness among the people. | 191 | |
| 3683303388 | Sugar | This cash crop was grown in Brazil and Cuba by the colonists, who created massive plantations focused solely on the refinement of sugar by slaves. It was sold widely in the Old World and there was a very high demand. | 192 | |
| 3683303389 | Sikhism | The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam. | 193 | |
| 3683305285 | Indian Cotton | Cotton production in India allowed for traditional peasant labor to grow, and there was still a large market for cotton from India. | 194 | |
| 3683305286 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | 195 | |
| 3683305287 | Mestizo | A person of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. | 196 | |
| 3683305886 | Divine Right | Many rulers of empires claimed a divine right to rule, which strengthened their hold on the empire and the ability to rule a group efficiently. Most commonly seen by the pharaohs, Russian leaders, and the French. | 197 | |
| 3683305887 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 198 | |
| 3683308054 | French | French colonies in the Americas allowed for the trading of furs from animals found in the Americas to Europe, who bought them in large quantities. | 199 | |
| 3683309865 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 200 | |
| 3683311597 | Christopher Columbus | A Portuguese explorer who discovered the Americas, kicking off the race to the New World and the Colombian Exchange. | 201 | |
| 3683311598 | Plantations | The main form of agriculture for cash crops, as it allowed for the greatest amount of economic production and efficiency. | 202 | |
| 3683312761 | Impacts of Slavery on Africa | Africa gained a substantial amount of wealth, while their population declined very quickly. | 203 | |
| 3683312762 | Ivan the Great | Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government. |  | 204 |
| 3683313871 | Ivan the Terrible | This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He did not, however, conquer Livonia, a port on the Baltic sea which he desperately wanted. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. (Ivan IV), also killed his son, which is what the above painting entails. |  | 205 |
| 3683313872 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. |  | 206 |
| 3683316796 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 207 | |
| 3683316797 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536) | 208 | |
| 3683318086 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death. Reinstituted policies of religious persecution. | 209 | |
| 3683320594 | Sufi Mysticism | These mystics were religious leaders responsible for spreading Islam over a large portion of Europe and Asia, becoming religious teachers and local figures in order to spread the teachings of Islam. | 210 | |
| 3683320595 | Islam | A monotheistic religion based upon Christianity and Judaism that has several tenants such as the 4 Pillars of Islam, the Dar al Islam, and that Mohammad was the last prophet. | 211 | |
| 3683320596 | Mecca | A holy pilgrimage site for Muslims, is said to be the birthplace of Islam and Mohammad's ascension into heaven. | 212 | |
| 3683320597 | Medina | The city that Mohammad escaped to, which marks the founding of Islam. | 213 | |
| 3683323019 | Strait of Malacca | A popular trading route that was heavily taxed, allowing people to become very rich and control a vast amount of trade. | 214 | |
| 3683324161 | Eastern Orthodox | A sect of Christianity that originated in the Byzantium and spread to Russia. | 215 | |
| 3683324162 | Dark Ages | A period of turmoil in Europe, black plague and economic downturn were counteracted by the birth of new technologies and cultural development. | 216 | |
| 3683324925 | Kiev Rus | Original capital of Russian empire, founded by Rurik in 855 CE. Continued to be an important city for the Russian economy. | 217 | |
| 3683325890 | Moche | The prominent civilization in modern-day Peru around 600 C.E., before the rise of the Inca Empire. The Moche did not have any political unification, and instead depended on trade and agriculture | 218 | |
| 3683327441 | Mayans | The major civilization in Southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula from 150 B.C.E. to 900 C. E. The Mayans were not unified politically, and instead were ruled by rival monarchies. | 219 | |
| 3684877049 | Toltecs | The major civilization in Mexico after the fall of the Mayan empire. It is thought that the Toltecs may have descended from a small population outside of Teotihuacan and migrated south over time. | 220 | |
| 3684879217 | Mita | A mandatory system in which everyone had to contribute labor for the betterment of the empire. Took place mainly in the Aztec and Incan empires. | 221 | |
| 3683328968 | Spread of Christianity | Missionairies and the Crusades spread Christianity all over the world. | 222 | |
| 3683332006 | Human Migration | Originating in Africa, humans spread over Europe and Asia, then the Americas, followed by Austrailia. This took a massive amount of time, spanning tens of thousands of years. | 223 | |
| 3684682712 | Ming Dynasty | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355) | 224 | |
| 3684682713 | Qing Dynasty | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556) | 225 | |
| 3684905334 | Manorialism | The system of agriculture that involves the organisation of land into villas, which serfs were able to profit off of if they paid a tithe. | 226 | |
| 3684906692 | Magna Carta | A document signed by King John that crippled the power of the monarchy in England and set up a moral code for government. | 227 |
