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| 3572214210 | Cuneiform | The world's earliest known form of writing; Mesopotamian (Sumerians); originally pictographic-->graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, ideas, and physical objects; means "wedge-shaped"; written on clay tablets--used to keep track of commercial transactions and tax collections; written in triplicate--three different languages | 0 | |
| 3572274852 | Battle of Milvian Bridge | Constantine and his troops convert to Christianity; Constantine got a vision the night before the battle that said to fight in the name of the Christian God--after the vision he ordered his men to pain the Christian symbol (a cross) on their shields | 1 | |
| 3572343293 | Seven Original Civilizations | Huang He (Ban Po), Mesopotamia (Sumer), Indus (Harappa), Nile (Egypt), Niger (Jenne-Jeno), Mesoamerica (Maya/Aztec), Andean (Inca) | 2 | |
| 3572366334 | Hindu Castes | Brahman--priests Kshatriyas--warriors Vaisya--merchants Shudra--laborers *Untouchables--do the "dirty jobs" others would not do; literally "untouchable"; not technically a part of the caste system | 3 | |
| 3572366335 | Varna | "Color"--Sanskrit word for the Caste system | 4 | |
| 3572397082 | Five Stages of the Egyptian Soul | Ba, Ka, Ren, Sheut, Ib | 5 | |
| 3572400744 | Ba | Personality, unique to you, part of everyone and yourself | 6 | |
| 3572402055 | Ka | Immortal spark, never goes away, part of Atum | 7 | |
| 3572406898 | Ren | Your name (when you were born), identified by it forever, whey you die so does your name, as long as someone remembers your name you are still "alive" | 8 | |
| 3572412273 | Sheut | Your shadow, always part of you, evidence of who you are here | 9 | |
| 3572414390 | Ib | Your heart, weight at judgement day by Ma'at (light=no sins) | 10 | |
| 3572455445 | Ban Po | One of the first Neolithic villages; located in China; circular houses are same size except for central building; pottery; on the Huang He (Yellow) river (government/religion/leader(?)); entry = east/sun; back = west/moon | 11 | |
| 3572494912 | Bantu | With Jenne-Jeno on Niger River valley; trade across the Sahara; immigration through sand routes (Muslims come in and salt goes out; language in Niger river--Linguistic group and ethnic people (Bantu civilization) | 12 | |
| 3572503847 | Axis Mundi | Point on which the world revolves; connection between heaven and earth where "God" comes down from heaven; ex. Ziggurats, the Ka'aba, the temple in Jerusalem-->torah | 13 | |
| 3572516921 | Covanent | A legal agreement between two people, a contract, God and Jews | 14 | |
| 3572542277 | Covenant of Noah | God will never destroy the earth by water again; the rainbow | 15 | |
| 3572557191 | Covenant of Abraham | He would be the father of many nations (Ishmael--father of Arabs, mother = Hagar; Isaac--father of Jews, mother = Sara), circumcision | 16 | |
| 3572570850 | Covenant of David | First in a long line of kings, sign was the temple (never built it) | 17 | |
| 3572577274 | Covenant of Moses | The Israelites were his promised, God's chosen people, the 10 Commandments | 18 | |
| 3572583253 | Teosinte | Precursor to maize; shows early crop development and genetic engineering | 19 | |
| 3572587234 | Magdalenians | Known for their great cave paintings--could have been used to initiate boys into manhood-teach the cosmogony (amniotic womb) or teach boys how to hunt; the most famous was in the Lascaux Cave | 20 | |
| 3572598101 | Pentateuch | Penta, 5 books of the Hebrew bible, book of Moses, contains a bifurcate (forked/branched) cosmogony (chaiasm), one explains human condition, the other how the world came to be | 21 | |
| 3572908310 | Hegemony | A ruler who rules over everyone but is tolerant about others' beliefs--doesn't try/force conquered peoples; Persians were very hegemonic; Sargon of Akkad was the opposite--he was a despot; Alexander the Great was an example | 22 | |
| 3572922915 | Menes | United Upper and Lower Egypt in 3100; aka Narmer; conquerer, first pharaoh from Egypt, extended authority into Delta, founded city of Memphis, built centralized state ruled by the pharaoh; Narmer's mace | 23 | |
| 3572934649 | Darius | Persian king of Achaemenid dynasty--succeeded Cambyses; fought agains Greece in the Persian war; established new capital at Persepolis; created formal annual taxes instead of tributes; conquered many, greatly extended empire | 24 | |
| 3572956921 | Cambyses | The son of Cyrus and the father of Darius; Persian king (Achaemenid) who conquered Egypt | 25 | |
| 3572966357 | Xerxes | Persian king who loses the Persian war--picks up where Darius left off; gained reputation of cruelty, harshly repressed rebellions (not tolerant or abiding to ways of hegemonic rule previously established); Achaemenid ruler | 26 | |
| 3572976783 | Sargon | From Akkad--founded Akkadian empire; despot; great general, conquered many cities (unified Mesopotamia); first emperor, "King of kings"; previously a minister of Kish | 27 | |
| 3572985887 | Croesus | Wealthy Lydian king known for his coinage; after he lost his fight agains Persia | 28 | |
| 3573046914 | Fu How | One of Shang's greatest generals--led troops on the battlefield herself; consort of Wu Ding; great recruiter; favorite weapon: ax; tomb embellished with bronze and jade | 29 | |
| 3573055795 | Han Dynasty | Founded by Liu Bang; succeeded Zhou dynasty; Emperor Han Wudi revived and restored Confucianism through civil service exam (junzi); Wang Mang: land rights; extended into Korea (Koreans disliked them because of decrease in women's role with the arrival of Confucianism); "Golden Age" of China; expanded into Vietnam--Trung sisters | 30 | |
| 3573098512 | King Wu (Zhou) | Founder of the Zhou dynasty; first to utilize the mandate of heaven; set precedent for other emperors | 31 | |
| 3573218446 | The Analects | Book containing the sayings/teachings of Confucious (Kong Fuzi)--published by his followers; five relationships, Xio, Ren, li, knowledge, duty | 32 | |
| 3573229644 | Lao Tzu | Founder of Daoism; author of Dao De Ching, the Way of Virtue; believed in wu-wei, the doctrine of action in inaction | 33 | |
| 3573236543 | Wu-Wei | Taoist doctrine/concept of action in inaction; questions the meaning of life--"nothing in this world will do me any good, so why do it?" | 34 | |
| 3573253648 | Five Relationships of Confucianism | 1. Ruler to subject 2. Husband to wife 3. Father to son 4. Elder sibling to younger sibling 5. Elder friend to younger friend | 35 | |
| 3573260179 | Junzi | Upright, fully-actualized Confucian scholars; "Gentlemen"; practiced key virtues | 36 | |
| 3573264235 | Shangdi (Shangti) | Principle god of Shang Dynasty; henotheistic God who ruled over sprit world and this world; also Tian, heaven; oracle bones/divination | 37 | |
| 3573270799 | Royal Road | Stretched from Susa to Sardis; Persian (Achaemenid); postal system | 38 | |
| 3573310927 | Tempering | Transformed iron technology in the Zhou dynasty; the process of chemicially altering iron to make it less brittle; strategic ation--will bring more success on the battlefield | 39 | |
| 3574100165 | Dao | "The Way" | 40 | |
| 3573354124 | Tribune | Only plebian (Twelve Tables deal); veto power; only one who is sacrosanct | 41 | |
| 3573372763 | Qanat | Persian underground canals; allowed water not to evaporate in hot heat; provided/encouraged agricultural surplus | 42 | |
| 3573376554 | Battle of Gaugamela | Battle that ended Achaemenid dynasty; Alexander the Great won--foundatino for Seleucids; 331 BCE | 43 | |
| 3573409602 | Ctesiphon | Capital of Parthian and Sassanid empires; tribute to the Achaemenids | 44 | |
| 3573413107 | Zoroaster | Founder of Zoroastrianism; aka Zarathustra | 45 | |
| 3573523595 | Zoroastrianism | Religion founded by Zarathustra; considered to be the first monotheistic religion--but can be argued that it is dualistic; cosmic struggle between light and dark; Ahrura Mazda (light) and Ahriman (dark); book = Avesta | 46 | |
| 3573535091 | Yin and Yang | Daoist concept of harmony and balance; Yin: dark/female; Yang: light/male; flow into each other; show movement; dots signify that there is a little of each in each other | 47 | |
| 3573543332 | 325 | Council of Nicaea--during Constantine's rule; established the Nicaean Creed; allowed religious freedom of the Christians | 48 | |
| 3573548726 | Four Noble Truths | 1. Life is suffering 2 Suffering is caused by desire 3. You can overcome suffering by overcoming desire 4. You can overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path | 49 | |
| 3574104663 | Gospels | Four main passages of the Bible: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John; describe Jesus' teachings and miracles; most famous social discourse: Beatitudes, Sermon on the Mount | 50 | |
| 3573698757 | Arthashastra | Text on running a bureaucratic government; written by Kautilya during the Mauryan dynasty; aided Chandragupta Maurya and his rule | 51 | |
| 3573705784 | Theravada | The "lesser vehicle" of Buddhism; focused on individual enlightenment rather than communal enlightenment; comprise only a small percent of Buddhists--most are Mahayana | 52 | |
| 3573718847 | Lyceum | Plato's (The Academy's) rival school; established by Aristotle (first marine biologist); taught that the world is divided into categories | 53 | |
| 3573725085 | Bhagavad Gita | Greatest story within the Mahabharata (longest epic)--Indian; Hindu scripture; written in Sanskrit; Prince Arjuna and Krishna attempt to achieve moksha | 54 | |
| 3573729639 | Pozzolana | The volcanic dust of Rome; allowed cement to be created-->was the Romans' secret to great infrastructure; allowed easy transportation (their architecture flourished; very attainable because of their location and terrain | 55 | |
| 3573736569 | Sacrosanct | Applied to tribunes, who were plebeians that had the msot authority of the Cursus Romanum and had veto power; they did not need body guards/protection with this term--allowed them to be safe-->meant untouchable-you touch them, you die--no judge, court, trial, etc | 56 | |
| 3573792901 | Solon | Greek reformer who was influential in the Greek government; Romans came to him for help about their government-->12 tables (set base for the Roman cursus), other people who helped in Greek government were Pericles (abdicated for no slavery) and Cleisthenes; expanded the senate (boule) to 400; immense land/infrastructure reforms | 57 | |
| 3573812107 | Mandala | Microcosm of the universe, metaphysicality of life; geometric patters/drawings of Buddhism; sand, showed significance of numbers | 58 | |
| 3573820080 | Alexander the Great | Son of Philip II of Macedon (very violent man who sided with the Persians in the Persian War--as a result, the Greeds did not like Alexander); established the diadochi, hellenism--architecture, government, took over the Achaemenid Kingdom at the battle of Gaugamela; very tolerant and hegemonic ruler; beloved by the people; led troops out on the field himself--remained first in line; shared loot with his troops; large and incredibly fast expansion; hired people to do the ruling part for him because he was so focused on the military (expansion); ruthless general--destroyed/salted lands; mysteriously died at a young age and had no heirs to keep his legacy alive (led to the diadochi) | 59 | |
| 3574115189 | Octavian | Aka Augustus; first emperor of Rome--founded Roman empire; designated heir of Julius Caesar; part of the second triumverate; 27 BCE (founds empire); began Pax Romana (Peace of Rome) | 60 | |
| 3573850663 | Constantine | Roman emperor who converted to Christianity at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge--wrote cai's (crosses) on the shields of his men; Council of Nicaea 325--first uniform Christian doctrine; Edict of Milan 317--made Chrisitanity the official religion | 61 | |
| 3574123598 | Zeno | Pre-Socratic thinker; paradox: all distances can be divided by two, so they all have a midpoint--also means that an arrow won't reach me because distance can always be directed by a a midpoint | 62 | |
| 3574128060 | Pythagoras | Pre-Socratic thinker; important in Greek thought, came up with the pythagorean theorem, Western music scale; utopia: men and women included | 63 | |
| 3574135303 | Democritus | Pre-Socratic thinker; came up with the concept of atoms (everything is composed of invisible particles) | 64 | |
| 3574139409 | Thales | Pre-Socratic thinker; predicted the solar eclipse | 65 | |
| 3574141132 | Socrates | Most influential Greek philosopher; never wrote anything--his scholars collected quotes and knowledge from him; most obvious parallel: Confucius; "the unexamined life is not worth living"; "the purpose of life is learning how to die" | 66 | |
| 3574148951 | Plato | Student of Socrates; established the Academy (oldest school in Antiquity, lasted for 1100 yrs); established the concept of arete ("excellence"--"fully-actualized" not just an extreme); established metaphysics--where true physics falls short, no line between science and religion->the Greeks mash them together; Doctrine of emanations; thinks everything pre-exists in a world of ideas | 67 | |
| 3574162722 | Aristotle | Student of Plato--leaves the Academy, becomes a "hippie"; establishes a new world logic: experience is separated by categories; observable truths: characterized by appearance and function; first marine biologist; established the Lycueum (competing school against the Academy) | 68 | |
| 3573863095 | Zhang Qian | Envoy who was sent by emperor Han Wudi (Han dynasty) on a a mission to lands west of China--purpose was to find allies who could help combat the nomadic Xiongnu. Soon after he left Han territory he was captured by Xiongnu forces and held in comfortable captivity for ten years (he was allowed to keep his personal servant, issued a Xiongnu wife and had son). He escaped with his family after suspicions about him had subsided and fled to the west, making it as far as Bactria but failing to find allies against the Xiongnu. While returning to China he was again captured by the Xiongnu but managed to escape after one year (the death of the Xiongnu leader led to turmoil). He and his party returned to China and a warm welcome from Han Wudi in 126 BCE. Apart from political and military intelligence about western lands and their peoples, he brought back information of immense commercial value. While in Bactria about 128 BCE, he noticed Chinese goods--textiles and bamboo articles--offered for sale in local markets. He learned that they had come from southwest China by way of Bengal. From that information he deduced the possibility of establishing trade relations between China and Bactria through India. | 69 | |
| 3574168874 | Bodhisattvas | Buddhist concept of an enlightened person who declines Nirvana to help others; tend to be Mahayana; straddle both worlds; help you but don't do it for you | 70 | |
| 3573870493 | Hussein | Son of Hasan; Shia Muslim; killed at the Battle of Karbala by Yazid; Peace of Kufu: related to him because Hasan wanted him to rule--made agreement with the Sunnis (Mu'awiya); known for his martyrdom--after his death the Shia lost their claim, had to change caliph to imam | 71 | |
| 3573877867 | Hadith | The collected stories of the life of Muhammad/sayings of Muhammad; one of teh three most important components of Islam (others were Qu'ran and Sunna); ranked in order by how dependable they were; collected from al over; if any questions about the Koran, the people looked back at how Muhammad lived his life and followed his example; similar to Confucius' "Analects" | 72 | |
| 3573887516 | Rashidun | The first caliphate--first four caliphs; the rightly guided caliphs; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali; Ali is the fulcrum between Sunni and Shia Muslims | 73 | |
| 3573891946 | Mahmoud of Ghazni | The "bad" Muslim seen by Hindus-->he sacked Hindu temples; not interested in conversion of Muslim faith, just loot; led to the Delhi Sultanate (laid the foundations for it); raped and pillaged-->animosity from Hindus; patron of the arts | 74 | |
| 3573898659 | Mahdi | Hidden imam. Like a Messiah--comes when Shia need him most--waiting on him to save them (bring them back to power); the most important Shia "Twelver" who would later elevate Islam; possibly mythological--similar to Bodhisattvas of Buddhism | 75 | |
| 3573911419 | Gregory the Wonderworker | Christian missionary who spread Christianity (like Paul of Tarsus) along the silk road--got to Anatolia; He's the reason that there is a community of Christians in the Mediterranean basin even though there was imperial disapproval; known for his great works such as killing demons and moving boulders | 76 | |
| 3573931249 | Gibril | Muhammad's messenger angel: met him in a cave and came down from heaven to inform him that he was the prophet; considered a miracle because Muhammad was illiterate but he received the words of Allah; told Muhammad to recite (koran means recite) and he did; shows connection with other religions; Khakija told Muhammad to listen to Gibril | 77 | |
| 3573940660 | Rumi | The most influential Sufi--founded the Whirling Dervishes; was not interested in expanding religion/taking over/ruling; great poet-->literature; from Persia | 78 | |
| 3573945976 | 732 | Battle fought between the Franks (led by Charles Martel) and the Muslims. The Franks win and stop Muslim expansion into Europe. The furthest the Muslims expand in Europe; first time Europeans band together against a foreign enemy since the Roman Empire (Europe rising) | 79 | |
| 3573953474 | 1258 | The end of the Abbasid Caliphate; Hulagu killed the last caliph; from this point on, Islam will never be united again--end of the caliphate | 80 | |
| 3573959996 | Dhow | Type of boat used primarily for trade through sea routes; developed by the Muslims (Abbasids); carried 400 people; similar to modern-day "jib"; the ship that the Chinese used were Junks (larger and carried 1000 people) | 81 | |
| 3573967056 | Choala | Kingdom in southern India (along the India Coromandel Coast); known for their great naval army and sea trade; Hindu--did not convert to Islam (resisted Muslims); allowed relative local autonomy for rulers--more concerned with trade | 82 | |
| 3573977679 | Safavid | Dynasty/empire/kingdom that came after the Parthians; Persian, Muslim, lasted long after the Abbasid dynasty; 1501 | 83 | |
| 3573980817 | Sunna | Accepted traditions of Islam. One of the three components of Islam (along with Hadith and the Koran) | 84 | |
| 3573982730 | Axum | Kingdom in East Africa; took over after Meroë; seafaring; sacked Mecca; remained Chrisitian conquest (coptic) | 85 | |
| 3573987787 | Ibn Rushed | Aka Averroes; wrote commentaries on Aristotle-->responsible for the rediscovery of Greece through Muslim libraries; Mentioned by St. Thomas Aquinas; Commentaries on Aristotle studied all over the Western world | 86 | |
| 3574178330 | Al-Ghazali | Muslim theologian; how can you know God if you don't even know yourself?; believed Avicenna was stuck in an intellectual state; essence vs. attributes | 87 | |
| 3574181255 | Iblis | Devil/"satan" of Islamic faith; refused to bow to clay beings--humans; "advocate/lawyer"--distraction; force of evil trying to deceive you | 88 | |
| 3574185477 | Dhimmi | Status awarded to people of the bood (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians); protected, could not be harmed; had to pay jizya tax | 89 | |
| 3574188458 | Ibn Sina | Aka Avicenna; polymath; had thirteen degrees by the time he was thirteen; knew optics, astronomy, Islamic law (sharia) etc; writes famous medical text which is used in Europe until 1400s; "Muslim Aristotle" | 90 | |
| 3574198357 | Mu'awiya | Sunni; asserted claim to caliphate along with Hasan (Shia); ended up becoming caliph (1st of Umayyad) as long as he made Hussein heir to caliphate | 91 | |
| 3574200996 | 622 | Year of the hijira; flight from Mecca to Medina; start of Islamic calendar (A.H.--after Hijira) | 92 | |
| 3574205206 | Caliph | Means deputy; both political and religious leader of Islamic faith; leader of umma | 93 | |
| 3573999382 | Shahada | The "creed"/ proclamation of faith/ statement of monotheism of Islam; first of the the five pillars of Islam; "there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet" | 94 | |
| 3574005175 | Khadija | Wife of Muhammad; widow (before she married Muhammad); one of the first converts-->led to the revelation of Islam; convinced Muhammad to listen to Gibril; her wealth allowed Muhammad to be able to pursue Islam | 95 | |
| 3574014649 | Sufi | Mystical sect of Islam; whirling dirvishes; responsible for the conversion to Islam in India and Persia--did not force Islam on them (not trying to conquer etc); ex. Rumi (most famous) | 96 | |
| 3574040095 | Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) | Overthrew the Umayyads because Umayyads had a lack of piety and desire to deeper understand the Muslim faith; moved capital to Baghdad--important to trade (India); one of history's greatest intellectual golden ages; cities for specialized learing | 97 | |
| 3574049650 | Jihad | Considered the "sixth pillar of Islam"; means "struggle"; has two parts: greater jihad and lesser jihad | 98 | |
| 3574054258 | Greater Jihad | The individual's struggle over himself/herself; struggling to overcome yourself | 99 | |
| 3574058010 | Lesser Jihad | The spread of Islam--calls to protect and promote the faith by violent means | 100 | |
| 3574059388 | Five Pillars of Islam | The essence of Islam--found in the Koran 1. Shahada--creed: there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet 2. Prayer (Salat)--five times a day facing Mecca 3. Alms to the poor (Zakat)--give something to somebody every day 4. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)--once in a lifetime if able 5. Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan *"6th pillar" jihad--the greater, internal, and lesser, against the infidel, struggle | 101 | |
| 3574216411 | Last Place Settled by Homo Sapiens | South America | 102 | |
| 3574225650 | Mastaba | House of eternity, rectangle/box shaped tombs, had a column--Egyptian tomb building | 103 | |
| 3574226814 | Book of the Dead | Written by Thoth, buried with mummies--Egyptian tomb building | 104 | |
| 3574228585 | Necropolis | City of the Dead; collection of mastabas--Egyptian tomb building | 105 | |
| 3574229555 | Sarcophagus | "flesh-eating"; mummy's coffin; ankh symbol of life on top--Egyptian tomb building | 106 | |
| 3574231306 | Tanakh | Hebrew Bible; T stands for Torah: teachings, juridical people; N stands for Nevi'im: prophets, self-critique; K stands for Ketuvim: writings | 107 |
