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AP World History Midterm Flashcards

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3732272189Characteristics of a civilization-cities (urban centers) are administrative centers -growing populations -a political system is established based on control of a defined territory -job specializations -social classes based on accumulation of wealth -belief system -writing system and trade networks -achievements in science, arts, and architecture0
3732289631Civilizationan advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached1
3732296143Culturethe way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next be learning and experience2
3732302310Paleolithic Age-tools made from stone, wood, bone, and skin -people supported themselves by hunting and gathering edible plants3
3732307445Neolithic Age-also known as agricultural revolution -food gathering changes to food production -very, very gradual process -beginning of farming: domestication of animals and the cultivation of new food crops -male dominance begins in neolithic age4
3732364716Main advantages of agricultural societyfood surplus5
3732367859Main disadvantage of agricultural societydiseases, overcrowding, less healthy6
3732374785Main advantage of nomadic societyhealthier7
3732379525Main disadvantage of nomadic societyharder to get food, no permanent settlement, no growth as city8
3732475849caste systemsocial class system based on reincarnation, higher caste=good arms in past life9
3732478628karmagood or bad acts in this lifetime determine rewards or punishments in next life10
3732481996Dharmaconforming to religious laws/truths11
3732485049Nirvanathe cycle of death and rebirth is broken when a person's should reaches "enlightenment"12
3732492664Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truthsselfish desires cause suffering, by following the eightfold path and the four noble truths; you can control selfish desires and reach Nirvana13
3732500271Diasporaa spread of Jews from the Holy Land all over the world14
3732503489Filial Pietythe duty inferiors to obey superiors, and the duty of superiors to set a good example for inferiors; if everyone does this it will lead to harmony; respect for others15
3732512224Five Relationshipsset of five superiors to inferior relationships that control society ex: father to son16
3732520183Sumer-cuneiform: first ever writing system -kept records for farming, keep track of food17
3732525541Babylon-Hammurabis code: first written law code -established a model for other civilizations to follow -set of rules -harsh punishments for some18
3732532696Hittites-developed iron making for swords and grow more food -made agriculture easier -used iron for chariots, wheels19
3732550524Phoenicians-developed first alphabet -becomes modern alphabet later -easier than cuneiform -leads to Greek20
3732558617Egyptians-hieroglyphics -easier than cuneiform -picture writing21
3732562955(Early) China-technological advancements -oracle bones to interpret nature for future -mandate of heaven: leaders made, power can also be taken away22
3732577239Hinduism-founded in India (Aryans) -no single founder, developed and changes over thousands of years -the Vedas are sacred text -influenced India -polytheistic -caste system, karma, dharma, reincarnation23
3732593116Buddhism-founded in India -Siddhartha Gautama -many sacred texts -spread to China and East Asia -karma, dharma, eightfold path, four noble truths, reincarnation, nirvana, everything is suffering24
3732609365Confucianism-founded in China -founded by Confucius -sacred text is Analects -influenced China -filial piety, five relationships, moral and ethical code leads to harmony/order25
3732621664Christianity-founded in Roman Empire -founder was Jesus Christ -the Bible is sacred text -spread worldwide -monotheistic -10 Commandments, many different sects26
3732642891Persian Empire-located in Western and Central Asia -Cyrus the Great founded the empire and uniting the people27
3732650462Darius-3rd ruler of Persian Empire -extended the Persian Empire westward to Europe and eastward to India -reorganized empire by dividing it into provinces, each governed by a satrap (governor) -built the capital, Persepolis, inspired by Mesopotamian traditions28
3732661974Zoroastrianism-official belief system of Persian empire -held humans to high ethical standards -promised salvation -had large impact on Judaism29
3732672385Rise of Greek City-States-Greece is surrounded by the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea -Greek land is very mountainous separating Greece into small independent city-states (polis)30
3732684665Persian Wars-series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire -began with the Ionian revolt -ended with the liberation of Greek city-states from Persian control and the formation of the Delian League31
3732696218Macedonia-Phillip II transformed Macedonia into a military power -his son, Alexander, succeeded him and expanded the empire into Egypt, middle east, Persian Empire, and India -spread of Greek culture across western Asia resulted in Hellenistic Civilization32
3732717425Peloponnesian Wars-conflict between Athens and Sparta and both of their alliance systems -many city-states resented Athenian dominance and imperial expansion -Sparta defeated Athens33
3732727177Julius Caesarmost brilliant general, responsible for conquering first European territory34
3732738344Roman Law-developed many laws during the Republic and the Principate (first 3 centuries) under Augustus -laws stressed the importance of property and the rights of individuals -laws were fair and reasonable -example: conquered peoples were granted Roman citizenship -model for future European law codes35
3732843580Pax Romana-200 year period of Roman peace and prosperity -surplus of food, trade flourished, manufactured goods -the Roman army protected the borders ensuring safety -Romanization: the spread of Latin language and the Roman way of life36
3732866044Roman Achievements-extensive system of roads and law code -aqueducts, fall of Rome leads to feudalism37
3732873381Han China-centralized government -expanded Chinese territory -made contact with India and Middle East (silk road) -most famous ruler: Wu Ti -Wu Ti enforced peace, emphasized Confucian values and teachings, and set up civil service examinations -patriarchal society -women expected to obey males (five relationships) -gentry: scholar officials, upper class, privileged, educated -enjoyed time of prosperity38
3732902970Decline of the Han-third century CE -corrupt officials, barbaric invasions, banditry, poverty + despair -hired foreign soldiers, not loyal to Han state39
3732913584India : Maurya Empire-Chandragupta was founder of Maurya Empire -India's first centralized government -extended Maurya control over entire subcontinent except southern tip -Ashoka (Chandragupta's grandson) took control in 273 BCE -converted to buddhism and preached nonviolence, morality, and religious toleration40
3733106664India : Gupta Empire-golden age of India: peace and prosperity -government was not as effectively centralized as the Maurya Empire -bureaucracy was smaller -army maintained control in the core of the empire -governors oversaw outlying areas -villages were headed by officials who were elected by merchants and artisans -trade and farming flourished -mathematics : concept of zero and decimal system -carvings, paintings, literature -status of women declined41
3733146965Muhammad-born in 570 CE in Mecca -Mecca was prosperous caravan city -Muhammad claimed Allah came to him in his dreams and told him how he wanted people to live on earth -revelations continued until Muhammad's death in 632 -Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in fear of persecution by Mecca's leaders -Umma: community of Muslims that accepts Islam and Muhammad as the "messenger of God"42
37331683895 Pillars of Islam-declaration of faith: there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger -daily prayer: pray five times a day facing holy city of Mecca -fasting during holy month of Ramadan -paying alms: charity to the poor -Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime, if able43
3733181993Muhammad's Death and Aftermath-Muhammad died in 632 without appointing a successor (caliph) -Abu Bakr: an early believer and the father of Muhammad's favorite wife, succeeded him -expanded Muslim authority over Arab communities -caliph (king); caliphate (kingdom) -ordered the men who wrote down Muhammad's revelations to collect them in a book (Quran)44
3733211262The Spread of Islam-Muslims started to spread Islam through force in the 630s -Arab armies defeated local inhabitants by giving them the choice: the Quran or the sword -submit to the will of God ~ must do as a Muslim -conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire (Syria and Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and Pakistan -Islam spread to Sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful trade and conversion45
3733290583Sunnis vs Shiites-those who supported Ali known as Shiites -those who supported the first 3 caliphs known as Sunnis -battle of camel: 656 Shiites defeated Sunnis46
3733312840MamluksTurkic military slaves who made up part of the army; became a system of Islamic military slavery throughout Middle East47
3733325996Shariathe law of Islam and provides a foundation of Islamic civilization -dealt mostly with personal and family matters -had no legal system in the time of Muhammad but slowly developed laws to govern social and religious life48
3733339051Islamic Civilization-conversion: did not require an extensive knowledge of faith -there is no God but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God -technology: science and technology flourished (arabic numerals) -muslim doctors and astronomers develop skills theory long before Europeans49
3733351721Islamic Artgeometrical patterns, domes, arabic calligraphy, mosques, architecture in Spain50
3733360520Byzantine Empire (location)-the eastern Roman empire became known as Byzantine Empire -capital city: Constantinople which was located on the Bosporus straight -generally centered in the Greek and Anatolian areas -Constaninople's location between Black and Mediterranean Sea made an idea center for trade and travel51
3733376867Greco-Roman Civilization in Byzantine Empire-adopted many aspects of both Greek and Roman culture -used Greek as its language and built upon many of the traditions of the Roman Empire in terms of both law and economics52
3733382836Byzantine Empire Economics-Byzantine emperors regulated prices, the trading of luxury goods and grain shipments, which may have slowed technological and economical advancements53
3733393929Byzantine Empire Contributions-empire reached its height under emperor Justinian (527-565) -Justinian is responsible for the building of the Hagia Sophia, which serves as a great example of Byzantine architecture -the Cyrillic writing system became written language of Slavic and Russian orthodox Christians54
3733410776Medieval Europe: After the fall of Rome-period of time from the fall of Roman Empire until beginning of Renaissance is known as Medieval period, or the Middle Ages -fall of Roman Empire brought drastic changes to western Europe, which caused a period of economic decline and subsistence living -local lords replaced Roman imperial rule and the laws of the Roman Empire were replaced by Germanic traditions and practices of tribes in that area -safety became primary concern due to the absence of centralized government -peasants began to turn to their local lords, how feudalism began55
3733431839Charlemagne-exception to weak kings of early medieval period -brought about brief period of intellectual revival56
3733439281Feudal Society-Roman roads fell into disrepair and the Roman coin became thing of the past-contact with larger world through long distance trade around Mediterranean declined -little communication and no strong central government -medieval life revolved around the manor, which became the primary source of local agricultural production57
3733458873The Western Church-the Catholic Church was the strongest unifying force in Medieval Europe -Church owned and controlled extensive lands used for monasteries and convents -monasticism: element of Buddhism and Christianity58
3733468860The Pope-head of Catholic Church -exercised authority over all of the clergy and demanded the respect of secular leaders -controlled territory in Rome and central Italy59
3733475069Holy Roman Emperor-in need of allies, the Pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor -Holy Roman Empire started out as alliance of German princes -eventually, these creations led to Investiture controversy led to Concordat of Worms60
3733487248The Crusades-Pope Urban II called out to western Europeans in 1095 to take back Holy Land from Muslim control -Europeans wanted to look for new lands and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory -failed in their attempts to take back Holy Land, but they had a long lasting impact on European life -Europeans exposed to an enormous amount of information, ideas, goods, and resources -trade increased between Europe and Middle East61
3733761402Tang Dynasty-a large empire that gave a great deal of power to local nobility in order to ensure control -Buddhist monasteries that supported Tang rule with monetary gifts, tax exemptions, and land grants -reinstituted the tributary system--both Japan and Korea paid tribute to Tang -Tang Capital, Chang'an, was a major trading center -took part in Indian Ocean trade62
3733780305Buddhism in TangBuddhism became scapegoat for many of the problems faced by the Tang Empire63
3733782159Song Dynasty-never as large as the Tang -made outstanding scientific and technological contributions -- celestial clock, improved compass, Chinese junk, improved iron and steel production -made paper money -footbinding symbolized restrictions on women64
3733800227Who are the Mongols?-Nomadic group from central Asia -self-sufficient pastoralists -shamanism -known for their military techniques and horsemanship--only true rivals were Mamluks -from 1240-1260 the Mongol Empire flourished and attracted merchants, missionaries, and scholars from all over Eurasia -during this time, Great Khan remained in Mongolia and ruled over its territories in Russia, Iran, and Central Asia65
3733808948Genghis Khan (Mongols)-supreme leader of the Mongols and known as Great Khan -captured Beijing, Iran, and made attacks on Russia -son took title of Great Khan Ogodei66
3733815524Great Khan Ogodei-responsible for sacking Baghdad in 125867
3733832215The Golden Horde-Mongols ruled Russia from a distance allowing Russia to avoid direct subjugation and kept Russia's principalities in place -Mongols recognized the Orthodox Church -Islam became major source of tension in Mongol Empire after successor declared himself a Muslim68
3733843393Yuan Empire-Genghis' grandson Khublai Khan took title of Great Khan after death of Ogodei -ruled from Beijing and created Yuan Empire in China -unified China after fragmentation of Song Dynasty -did away with civil service exams and placed Mongols in highest positions -status of merchants rose -Pax Mongolia: Mongolian peace -Marco Polo: venetian merchant, traveler, kept records -Mongols either absorbed into Chinese society or returned to Mongol homeland`69
3733873106Mansa Musa-ruled Mali from 1312-1337 -established diplomatic relations with European cities -converted to Islam, made hajj to Mecca70
3733879335Mali-north Africa under Muslim rule by eighth century -Islam made its way into North Africa through the Caliphate by force, spread to sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful conversion71
3733892494East African Trading Cities-early trade with Phoenician, Greek, Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants -growth of strong city-states on east coast -rise of slave trade -development of Swahili (Arabic words with Bantu)72
3733947863Mayas-modern day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico -never politically unified but shared a single culture -city-states competed for territorial supremacy -terraced farming and irrigation -colorful religious palaces, temples, pyramids -elite had secular and religious responsibilities -two kingdoms known to be rules by women73
3733959039Mayan Contributions-astronomical observation -writing system -concept of zero -three calendars :ritual (260 days), solar (365 days), and long count (beginning in 3114 BCE)74
3733966090Aztecs-modern day Mexico City -twin capitals: Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco (1325) -established a monarchy but monarch did not have absolute power, selected by a council of aristocrats from all the males of the ruling family -highest social class: warrior who owned huge estates and relied on peasant labor -used chinampa system to grow crops -relied on tribute system for food supplies -trade based on barter system--wealthy merchants -polytheistic -conquistador Hernando Cortes captures Tenochtitlan in 152275
3733985282Incas-stretched up and down coast of South America -more than 6 million people under its control by 1525 -ride to power began in 1430s when strong political leaders joined together and began an age of military conquest -depended on llama for food, clothing, and transport -built 13,000 roads linking empire -cuzco: centrally located in empire and center of government -local chiefs handled local administrative duties and judicial matters -elaborate temples and palaces reflecting each rulers glory -temple of sun was most glorious -used calendars for religious rituals -weaving and metallurgy passed down from earlier Andean civilizations -civil war weakened empire just before the Europeans arrived76
3734008506Humanism-intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues77

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