Terms : Hide Images
| 3732272189 | Characteristics of a civilization | -cities (urban centers) are administrative centers -growing populations -a political system is established based on control of a defined territory -job specializations -social classes based on accumulation of wealth -belief system -writing system and trade networks -achievements in science, arts, and architecture | 0 | |
| 3732289631 | Civilization | an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached | 1 | |
| 3732296143 | Culture | the way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next be learning and experience | 2 | |
| 3732302310 | Paleolithic Age | -tools made from stone, wood, bone, and skin -people supported themselves by hunting and gathering edible plants | 3 | |
| 3732307445 | Neolithic Age | -also known as agricultural revolution -food gathering changes to food production -very, very gradual process -beginning of farming: domestication of animals and the cultivation of new food crops -male dominance begins in neolithic age | 4 | |
| 3732364716 | Main advantages of agricultural society | food surplus | 5 | |
| 3732367859 | Main disadvantage of agricultural society | diseases, overcrowding, less healthy | 6 | |
| 3732374785 | Main advantage of nomadic society | healthier | 7 | |
| 3732379525 | Main disadvantage of nomadic society | harder to get food, no permanent settlement, no growth as city | 8 | |
| 3732475849 | caste system | social class system based on reincarnation, higher caste=good arms in past life | 9 | |
| 3732478628 | karma | good or bad acts in this lifetime determine rewards or punishments in next life | 10 | |
| 3732481996 | Dharma | conforming to religious laws/truths | 11 | |
| 3732485049 | Nirvana | the cycle of death and rebirth is broken when a person's should reaches "enlightenment" | 12 | |
| 3732492664 | Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths | selfish desires cause suffering, by following the eightfold path and the four noble truths; you can control selfish desires and reach Nirvana | 13 | |
| 3732500271 | Diaspora | a spread of Jews from the Holy Land all over the world | 14 | |
| 3732503489 | Filial Piety | the duty inferiors to obey superiors, and the duty of superiors to set a good example for inferiors; if everyone does this it will lead to harmony; respect for others | 15 | |
| 3732512224 | Five Relationships | set of five superiors to inferior relationships that control society ex: father to son | 16 | |
| 3732520183 | Sumer | -cuneiform: first ever writing system -kept records for farming, keep track of food | 17 | |
| 3732525541 | Babylon | -Hammurabis code: first written law code -established a model for other civilizations to follow -set of rules -harsh punishments for some | 18 | |
| 3732532696 | Hittites | -developed iron making for swords and grow more food -made agriculture easier -used iron for chariots, wheels | 19 | |
| 3732550524 | Phoenicians | -developed first alphabet -becomes modern alphabet later -easier than cuneiform -leads to Greek | 20 | |
| 3732558617 | Egyptians | -hieroglyphics -easier than cuneiform -picture writing | 21 | |
| 3732562955 | (Early) China | -technological advancements -oracle bones to interpret nature for future -mandate of heaven: leaders made, power can also be taken away | 22 | |
| 3732577239 | Hinduism | -founded in India (Aryans) -no single founder, developed and changes over thousands of years -the Vedas are sacred text -influenced India -polytheistic -caste system, karma, dharma, reincarnation | 23 | |
| 3732593116 | Buddhism | -founded in India -Siddhartha Gautama -many sacred texts -spread to China and East Asia -karma, dharma, eightfold path, four noble truths, reincarnation, nirvana, everything is suffering | 24 | |
| 3732609365 | Confucianism | -founded in China -founded by Confucius -sacred text is Analects -influenced China -filial piety, five relationships, moral and ethical code leads to harmony/order | 25 | |
| 3732621664 | Christianity | -founded in Roman Empire -founder was Jesus Christ -the Bible is sacred text -spread worldwide -monotheistic -10 Commandments, many different sects | 26 | |
| 3732642891 | Persian Empire | -located in Western and Central Asia -Cyrus the Great founded the empire and uniting the people | 27 | |
| 3732650462 | Darius | -3rd ruler of Persian Empire -extended the Persian Empire westward to Europe and eastward to India -reorganized empire by dividing it into provinces, each governed by a satrap (governor) -built the capital, Persepolis, inspired by Mesopotamian traditions | 28 | |
| 3732661974 | Zoroastrianism | -official belief system of Persian empire -held humans to high ethical standards -promised salvation -had large impact on Judaism | 29 | |
| 3732672385 | Rise of Greek City-States | -Greece is surrounded by the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea -Greek land is very mountainous separating Greece into small independent city-states (polis) | 30 | |
| 3732684665 | Persian Wars | -series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire -began with the Ionian revolt -ended with the liberation of Greek city-states from Persian control and the formation of the Delian League | 31 | |
| 3732696218 | Macedonia | -Phillip II transformed Macedonia into a military power -his son, Alexander, succeeded him and expanded the empire into Egypt, middle east, Persian Empire, and India -spread of Greek culture across western Asia resulted in Hellenistic Civilization | 32 | |
| 3732717425 | Peloponnesian Wars | -conflict between Athens and Sparta and both of their alliance systems -many city-states resented Athenian dominance and imperial expansion -Sparta defeated Athens | 33 | |
| 3732727177 | Julius Caesar | most brilliant general, responsible for conquering first European territory | 34 | |
| 3732738344 | Roman Law | -developed many laws during the Republic and the Principate (first 3 centuries) under Augustus -laws stressed the importance of property and the rights of individuals -laws were fair and reasonable -example: conquered peoples were granted Roman citizenship -model for future European law codes | 35 | |
| 3732843580 | Pax Romana | -200 year period of Roman peace and prosperity -surplus of food, trade flourished, manufactured goods -the Roman army protected the borders ensuring safety -Romanization: the spread of Latin language and the Roman way of life | 36 | |
| 3732866044 | Roman Achievements | -extensive system of roads and law code -aqueducts, fall of Rome leads to feudalism | 37 | |
| 3732873381 | Han China | -centralized government -expanded Chinese territory -made contact with India and Middle East (silk road) -most famous ruler: Wu Ti -Wu Ti enforced peace, emphasized Confucian values and teachings, and set up civil service examinations -patriarchal society -women expected to obey males (five relationships) -gentry: scholar officials, upper class, privileged, educated -enjoyed time of prosperity | 38 | |
| 3732902970 | Decline of the Han | -third century CE -corrupt officials, barbaric invasions, banditry, poverty + despair -hired foreign soldiers, not loyal to Han state | 39 | |
| 3732913584 | India : Maurya Empire | -Chandragupta was founder of Maurya Empire -India's first centralized government -extended Maurya control over entire subcontinent except southern tip -Ashoka (Chandragupta's grandson) took control in 273 BCE -converted to buddhism and preached nonviolence, morality, and religious toleration | 40 | |
| 3733106664 | India : Gupta Empire | -golden age of India: peace and prosperity -government was not as effectively centralized as the Maurya Empire -bureaucracy was smaller -army maintained control in the core of the empire -governors oversaw outlying areas -villages were headed by officials who were elected by merchants and artisans -trade and farming flourished -mathematics : concept of zero and decimal system -carvings, paintings, literature -status of women declined | 41 | |
| 3733146965 | Muhammad | -born in 570 CE in Mecca -Mecca was prosperous caravan city -Muhammad claimed Allah came to him in his dreams and told him how he wanted people to live on earth -revelations continued until Muhammad's death in 632 -Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in fear of persecution by Mecca's leaders -Umma: community of Muslims that accepts Islam and Muhammad as the "messenger of God" | 42 | |
| 3733168389 | 5 Pillars of Islam | -declaration of faith: there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger -daily prayer: pray five times a day facing holy city of Mecca -fasting during holy month of Ramadan -paying alms: charity to the poor -Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime, if able | 43 | |
| 3733181993 | Muhammad's Death and Aftermath | -Muhammad died in 632 without appointing a successor (caliph) -Abu Bakr: an early believer and the father of Muhammad's favorite wife, succeeded him -expanded Muslim authority over Arab communities -caliph (king); caliphate (kingdom) -ordered the men who wrote down Muhammad's revelations to collect them in a book (Quran) | 44 | |
| 3733211262 | The Spread of Islam | -Muslims started to spread Islam through force in the 630s -Arab armies defeated local inhabitants by giving them the choice: the Quran or the sword -submit to the will of God ~ must do as a Muslim -conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire (Syria and Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and Pakistan -Islam spread to Sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful trade and conversion | 45 | |
| 3733290583 | Sunnis vs Shiites | -those who supported Ali known as Shiites -those who supported the first 3 caliphs known as Sunnis -battle of camel: 656 Shiites defeated Sunnis | 46 | |
| 3733312840 | Mamluks | Turkic military slaves who made up part of the army; became a system of Islamic military slavery throughout Middle East | 47 | |
| 3733325996 | Sharia | the law of Islam and provides a foundation of Islamic civilization -dealt mostly with personal and family matters -had no legal system in the time of Muhammad but slowly developed laws to govern social and religious life | 48 | |
| 3733339051 | Islamic Civilization | -conversion: did not require an extensive knowledge of faith -there is no God but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God -technology: science and technology flourished (arabic numerals) -muslim doctors and astronomers develop skills theory long before Europeans | 49 | |
| 3733351721 | Islamic Art | geometrical patterns, domes, arabic calligraphy, mosques, architecture in Spain | 50 | |
| 3733360520 | Byzantine Empire (location) | -the eastern Roman empire became known as Byzantine Empire -capital city: Constantinople which was located on the Bosporus straight -generally centered in the Greek and Anatolian areas -Constaninople's location between Black and Mediterranean Sea made an idea center for trade and travel | 51 | |
| 3733376867 | Greco-Roman Civilization in Byzantine Empire | -adopted many aspects of both Greek and Roman culture -used Greek as its language and built upon many of the traditions of the Roman Empire in terms of both law and economics | 52 | |
| 3733382836 | Byzantine Empire Economics | -Byzantine emperors regulated prices, the trading of luxury goods and grain shipments, which may have slowed technological and economical advancements | 53 | |
| 3733393929 | Byzantine Empire Contributions | -empire reached its height under emperor Justinian (527-565) -Justinian is responsible for the building of the Hagia Sophia, which serves as a great example of Byzantine architecture -the Cyrillic writing system became written language of Slavic and Russian orthodox Christians | 54 | |
| 3733410776 | Medieval Europe: After the fall of Rome | -period of time from the fall of Roman Empire until beginning of Renaissance is known as Medieval period, or the Middle Ages -fall of Roman Empire brought drastic changes to western Europe, which caused a period of economic decline and subsistence living -local lords replaced Roman imperial rule and the laws of the Roman Empire were replaced by Germanic traditions and practices of tribes in that area -safety became primary concern due to the absence of centralized government -peasants began to turn to their local lords, how feudalism began | 55 | |
| 3733431839 | Charlemagne | -exception to weak kings of early medieval period -brought about brief period of intellectual revival | 56 | |
| 3733439281 | Feudal Society | -Roman roads fell into disrepair and the Roman coin became thing of the past-contact with larger world through long distance trade around Mediterranean declined -little communication and no strong central government -medieval life revolved around the manor, which became the primary source of local agricultural production | 57 | |
| 3733458873 | The Western Church | -the Catholic Church was the strongest unifying force in Medieval Europe -Church owned and controlled extensive lands used for monasteries and convents -monasticism: element of Buddhism and Christianity | 58 | |
| 3733468860 | The Pope | -head of Catholic Church -exercised authority over all of the clergy and demanded the respect of secular leaders -controlled territory in Rome and central Italy | 59 | |
| 3733475069 | Holy Roman Emperor | -in need of allies, the Pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor -Holy Roman Empire started out as alliance of German princes -eventually, these creations led to Investiture controversy led to Concordat of Worms | 60 | |
| 3733487248 | The Crusades | -Pope Urban II called out to western Europeans in 1095 to take back Holy Land from Muslim control -Europeans wanted to look for new lands and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory -failed in their attempts to take back Holy Land, but they had a long lasting impact on European life -Europeans exposed to an enormous amount of information, ideas, goods, and resources -trade increased between Europe and Middle East | 61 | |
| 3733761402 | Tang Dynasty | -a large empire that gave a great deal of power to local nobility in order to ensure control -Buddhist monasteries that supported Tang rule with monetary gifts, tax exemptions, and land grants -reinstituted the tributary system--both Japan and Korea paid tribute to Tang -Tang Capital, Chang'an, was a major trading center -took part in Indian Ocean trade | 62 | |
| 3733780305 | Buddhism in Tang | Buddhism became scapegoat for many of the problems faced by the Tang Empire | 63 | |
| 3733782159 | Song Dynasty | -never as large as the Tang -made outstanding scientific and technological contributions -- celestial clock, improved compass, Chinese junk, improved iron and steel production -made paper money -footbinding symbolized restrictions on women | 64 | |
| 3733800227 | Who are the Mongols? | -Nomadic group from central Asia -self-sufficient pastoralists -shamanism -known for their military techniques and horsemanship--only true rivals were Mamluks -from 1240-1260 the Mongol Empire flourished and attracted merchants, missionaries, and scholars from all over Eurasia -during this time, Great Khan remained in Mongolia and ruled over its territories in Russia, Iran, and Central Asia | 65 | |
| 3733808948 | Genghis Khan (Mongols) | -supreme leader of the Mongols and known as Great Khan -captured Beijing, Iran, and made attacks on Russia -son took title of Great Khan Ogodei | 66 | |
| 3733815524 | Great Khan Ogodei | -responsible for sacking Baghdad in 1258 | 67 | |
| 3733832215 | The Golden Horde | -Mongols ruled Russia from a distance allowing Russia to avoid direct subjugation and kept Russia's principalities in place -Mongols recognized the Orthodox Church -Islam became major source of tension in Mongol Empire after successor declared himself a Muslim | 68 | |
| 3733843393 | Yuan Empire | -Genghis' grandson Khublai Khan took title of Great Khan after death of Ogodei -ruled from Beijing and created Yuan Empire in China -unified China after fragmentation of Song Dynasty -did away with civil service exams and placed Mongols in highest positions -status of merchants rose -Pax Mongolia: Mongolian peace -Marco Polo: venetian merchant, traveler, kept records -Mongols either absorbed into Chinese society or returned to Mongol homeland` | 69 | |
| 3733873106 | Mansa Musa | -ruled Mali from 1312-1337 -established diplomatic relations with European cities -converted to Islam, made hajj to Mecca | 70 | |
| 3733879335 | Mali | -north Africa under Muslim rule by eighth century -Islam made its way into North Africa through the Caliphate by force, spread to sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful conversion | 71 | |
| 3733892494 | East African Trading Cities | -early trade with Phoenician, Greek, Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants -growth of strong city-states on east coast -rise of slave trade -development of Swahili (Arabic words with Bantu) | 72 | |
| 3733947863 | Mayas | -modern day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico -never politically unified but shared a single culture -city-states competed for territorial supremacy -terraced farming and irrigation -colorful religious palaces, temples, pyramids -elite had secular and religious responsibilities -two kingdoms known to be rules by women | 73 | |
| 3733959039 | Mayan Contributions | -astronomical observation -writing system -concept of zero -three calendars :ritual (260 days), solar (365 days), and long count (beginning in 3114 BCE) | 74 | |
| 3733966090 | Aztecs | -modern day Mexico City -twin capitals: Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco (1325) -established a monarchy but monarch did not have absolute power, selected by a council of aristocrats from all the males of the ruling family -highest social class: warrior who owned huge estates and relied on peasant labor -used chinampa system to grow crops -relied on tribute system for food supplies -trade based on barter system--wealthy merchants -polytheistic -conquistador Hernando Cortes captures Tenochtitlan in 1522 | 75 | |
| 3733985282 | Incas | -stretched up and down coast of South America -more than 6 million people under its control by 1525 -ride to power began in 1430s when strong political leaders joined together and began an age of military conquest -depended on llama for food, clothing, and transport -built 13,000 roads linking empire -cuzco: centrally located in empire and center of government -local chiefs handled local administrative duties and judicial matters -elaborate temples and palaces reflecting each rulers glory -temple of sun was most glorious -used calendars for religious rituals -weaving and metallurgy passed down from earlier Andean civilizations -civil war weakened empire just before the Europeans arrived | 76 | |
| 3734008506 | Humanism | -intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues | 77 |
