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| 3660180486 | Why is the Neolithic Revolution a turning point in global history? | brought the beginning of civilization | 0 | |
| 3660187352 | What must societies have in order to be a civilization? | -cities -central government -job specialization -arts and architecture -complex religion -social classes -public works | 1 | |
| 3660192656 | Why is writing important to a civilization? | communicate and keep records | 2 | |
| 3660208738 | What is unique about China's earliest river valley civilization? | developed in isolation - not influenced by other civilizations | 3 | |
| 3660214301 | In Judaism and Buddhism, what names are given to the moral guides used by religion's followers | Judaism: ten commandments Buddhism: eight-fold path, four noble truths | 4 | |
| 3660227466 | In early Chinese civilization, what is the significance of the Mandate of Heaven?what goods are traded and what role do ancestors play in their belief system? | allowed rulers to assert dominance over their subjects facilitates dynastic structure | 5 | |
| 3660238741 | In early Chinese civilization, what goods are traded? | bronze iron tools bamboo silk wood | 6 | |
| 3660238742 | In early Chinese civilization, what role do ancestors play in their belief system? | worshipped ancestors | 7 | |
| 3660247666 | What are the early writing systems of the Egyptians and Sumerians? | Egyptians: hieroglyphics Sumerians: cuneiform | 8 | |
| 3660252300 | How are classical civilizations different from the early river valley civilizations? | -Classical civilization more organized -more political systems -more cultural diffusion -more interaction between cultures | 9 | |
| 3660262507 | How is the Qin dynasty different from the Zhou dynasty? | Qin -stricter law code -Shi Huangdi united the empire through resistance, brought aristocrats to the capital, built Great Wall, canals and roadways stressed central authority Zhou -feudal/regional systems | 10 | |
| 3660272321 | What functions/roles did the Han dynasty government play in Chinese life? | -Wu Ti: brought peace and prosperity to China, -introduced tests for bureaucrats - resulted in a stronger bureaucracy -Confucianism integrated with the government -ideas filtered down to peasants (merchants) -Silk Road created - increased trade | 11 | |
| 3660279231 | On what did Daoists and Confucianists agree? | Agreed on: good morals, simple, humble life, stay in their place in society Daoists: politics and learning unimportant Confucianism: all people should participate in government | 12 | |
| 3660289631 | In the Chinese social hierarchy, which groups were most esteemed and why? Which groups had lower standing and why? | Most esteemed: landowning elites, educated government people (Confucianism stressed involvement with government) Lower standing: merchants (Confucianism and Daoism frowned upon greed) | 13 | |
| 3660301160 | What is an example of cultural diffusion that came to China? | Buddhism from India | 14 | |
| 3660303984 | What is the significance of the fact that the Europeans referred to china as the far east? | Europeans saw themselves as superior to/more civilized than China - treated it like it was off the grid | 15 | |
| 3660308007 | What is the significance of the fact that the Chinese referred to China as the Middle Kingdom? | Chinese saw themselves as the center of civilization because they were geographically isolated and often isolated themselves because they thought they were superior | 16 | |
| 3660311856 | How are the Code of Hammurabi and Chinese Legalism similar in their view of people? | saw people as inherently bad strict laws and harsh punishment necessary | 17 | |
| 3660315119 | How is the Mauryan dynasty different from the Gupta Dynasty in terms of size? | Mauryan ruled a larger territory than the Gupta | 18 | |
| 3660324560 | What were the important and mathematical contributions of the Gupta dynasty? | -uniform law code -sponsored public works -caste system -astronomy and medicine -Arabic numerals -zero, decimals, and negative numbers | 19 | |
| 3660330230 | How was classical India organized politically for much of the era? How is it different from Han China? | India organized in regional kingdoms Han dynasty organized in central bureaucratic government | 20 | |
| 3660335877 | What is a similarity between Confucianism and Hinduism's roles in maintaining social order? | Confucianism: stay in your place in society Hinduism: caste system created order (dharma) | 21 | |
| 3660340262 | What is a primary difference between Buddhism and Hinduism that ultimately resulted in Hinduism's greater popularity in India? | Hinduism had more structure and rituals than Buddhism | 22 | |
| 3660343523 | What does Nirvana mean? | whole union with the divine essence (Buddhism) | 23 | |
| 3660346931 | How were the roles/status of merchants different in China and India? | China: merchants had a low status - Confucianism frowned upon excessive money making India: merchants had a high status - trade was valued | 24 | |
| 3660352144 | Compare and contrast how much contact China and India had with civilizations other than their own | China: had less contact with outside civilization, geographically isolated, uninterested in trade India: emphasized trade, used Indian Ocean and Mediterranean to transport goods | 25 | |
| 3660358456 | Compare and contrast attitudes that China and India had toward tolerating other religions | both tolerated other religions | 26 | |
| 3660362045 | How did the geography of Greece influence its political organization into city-states? | geography made it broken up - difficult to create a central government | 27 | |
| 3660365011 | How is Hellenism under Alexander the Great an example of cultural diffusion? | expanded the Macedonian empire from father Philip II of Macedon - expansion brought Hellenistic ideas with them all the way to Alexandria (by Egypt) | 28 | |
| 3660370202 | What was an important contribution of the Greeks? | politics and philosophy | 29 | |
| 3660373819 | What was an important contribution of the Romans? | engineering: aqueducts and the coliseum | 30 | |
| 3660380460 | How is the Greek political structure similar to the political structure of classical India | regional kingdoms | 31 | |
| 3660395090 | Did the Roman empire permit religious and political diversity within the empire? | Tolerant until clash, can coexist | 32 | |
| 3660412707 | What is the Socratic method? | Think rationally, be skeptical, and ask questions | 33 | |
| 3660382990 | What did the Roman Empire emphasize as important for maintaining order in a society? Would Confucianists in china have agreed/disagreed with Roman thinking and why? | Rome: emphasized law code Confucianists not agree because lack of social hierarchy or trained officials - everyone plays their part | 34 | |
| 3660389202 | How was Greek and Roman architecture different from classical Chinese architecture | Greek and Roman architecture more complex, featured monumental styles | 35 | |
| 3660710711 | What was unique about Classical Greece and Rome's agricultural practice as a result of their primary crops? | primary crop is grapes and olives → need grain (can only get through trade) → creates a rise in commercial agriculture → farmers go into debt trying to farm grapes/olives →have to work for land owners → creates large commercial farms → roman emperors organize food supplies and distribution | 36 | |
| 3660717524 | What is similar about the decline of the Han dynasty in China and the Roman Empire | started with internal strain, later external invasion | 37 | |
| 3660728956 | Why did the eastern portion of the Roman Empire suffer less from decline than the western portion | eastern portion (Constantinople) was where the power was centered - away from where Germanic tribes were attacking the empire | 38 | |
| 3660733944 | What trend in religion was found after 200 CE in more and more people in Asia, Europe, and North Africa | Monotheism | 39 | |
| 3660738727 | What do Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism have in common? What are their major differences? | Common: life after death Differences: christ = non-believers can't join church | 40 | |
| 3660744591 | Which group of people on the Arabian Peninsula was very important in the earliest spread of Islam | Bedouins | 41 | |
| 3660748294 | What are the five pillars of Islam? | confession of faith prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca charity fasting during Ramadaan hajj | 42 | |
| 3660749851 | Why did the Shi'a-Sunni split in Islam occur? | -arguments over how the booty from conquests should be split → 656: tensions resulted in violence → Uthman (Umayyad caliph) murdered by rebellious warriors → Ali (Muhammad's cousin) appointed as caliph → Umayyads swore they would get revenge on Ali if he didn't punish the murderers of Uthman → led to a war between Umayyads and followers of Ali → Ali assassinated → son was pressured by the Umayyads to renounce his claims of succession | 43 | |
| 3660758928 | Who did the Shi'a side with? Who did the Sunni side with? | Shi'a: Ali Sunni: Umayyads | 44 | |
| 3660760527 | What qualified a person for citizenship in the Umayyad empire? | Muslim Arab | 45 | |
| 3660765146 | Was citizenship different under the Abbasids? If so, how? Is it significant for the Abbasid's rise to power? | Abbasids accepted mawali, able to overthrow Umayyad - power as a result of support for mawali | 46 | |
| 3660774062 | What is a mawali? | Non-arab muslim convert | 47 | |
| 3660779386 | Where was the Umayyad political center? | Damascus | 48 | |
| 3660777622 | Where was the political center of the Abbasid empire? | Baghdad | 49 | |
| 3660787468 | How was the Abbasid government different from the Umayyad government? | Abbasids outdid the Umayyads with an absolute monarchy - Had wazirs and an executioner | 50 | |
| 3660790762 | Who were the ayan? | rural landholding elite | 51 | |
| 3660793473 | What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period? | -Muslims able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers -Could also transmit ideas and culture from one civilization to another -Islam spread- mass conversions are encouraged (no booty splitting) -less distinction between the mawali and Arab Muslims -algebra | 52 | |
| 3660797234 | What did the Gupta empire and Arab dynasties in the Golden age of Islam have in common? | mathematical and literary contributions Gupta = mathematical contributions Arab = recover ancient text, algebra Upanishads = poetry | 53 | |
| 3660849831 | Describe trade in the Abbasid Empire | -growth in wealth and social status of merchants -revival of Afro-Eurasian trading network -Arab dhows -Muslim merchants collaborated with Christians and Jews so their businesses could operate all week because everyone had different Sabbaths -profits reinvested in new commercial enterprises, purchase of land or construction of great mansions -wealth went to charity as required by the Qu'ran | 54 | |
| 3660853079 | What was the impact of the crusades on the Christian west? | -military techniques -words -scientific learning -Arabic numerals | 55 | |
| 3660855794 | What was the impact of the crusades on Islam? | little impact - Islamic area much more advanced than the European area, where the Crusaders came from | 56 | |
| 3660857833 | Who were the ulama and what did they stress? | -Orthodox religious scholars in Islam -wanted a more conservative and restrictive theology opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 57 | |
| 3660860914 | Who captured Baghdad in 1258? How did their invasion change the political center of Islam? | Mongols Baghdad replaced by Cairo to the east and later Istanbul to the north | 58 | |
| 3660863232 | What are important differences between Islam and Hinduism? | Islam stressed the equality of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based system | 59 | |
| 3660866263 | What important cultural advance occurred as a result of the increased contact between Muslims and Indian civilization? | Muslims adopted the Indian system of mathematical notation (Arabic numerals) | 60 | |
| 3660884423 | What was the capital city for the Islamic kingdom established in India in the early 13th century? | Delhi - on the Gangetic Plain | 61 | |
| 3660888092 | Which groups were most helpful in converting Indians to Islam and why? | -Traders and Sufi mystics -Traders brought Islam to port cities in India while on business -Sufi mystics appealed to Buddhists and low caste Hindus by incorporating a mystical nature of Islam with indigenous religion | 62 | |
| 3660888093 | What were the significant contributions and influences of the Muslims during the Golden Age of Islam? | - helped create and popularize a world religion - built many palaces and mosques - advances in science, math, and religious/legal/philosophical communication - Arabs preserved great Greek writings on medicine, algebra, geometry, astronomy, anatomy and ethics; translated to Arabic and distributed throughout empire - Indian system of numbers was carried by Muslim invaders of south Asia to the Middle East, Italy and Northern Europe - art and architecture reached as far as Cordoba, Spain | 63 | |
| 3660888091 | What did the West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai have in common that helped make them successful? | traded gold + salt | 64 | |
| 3660900562 | The migration of the Bantu people between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500 led to the cultural diffusion of what two primary "things"? | language and ironworking | 65 | |
| 3660903038 | What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa? | Ethiopia | 66 | |
| 3660903039 | What is the Sahel? | grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and north Africa | 67 | |
| 3660906028 | Who was Sundiata? | monarch that began Malinke expansion and created the Mali Empire | 68 | |
| 3660906029 | Who were griots and what did they do? | oral historians who mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings | 69 | |
| 3660909160 | Who was Sunni Ali? | Ruler responsible for the creation of the Songhay Empire | 70 | |
| 3660911572 | Why did rulers in the Sudan adopt Islam so quickly? (What advantage did it give them?) | Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship | 71 | |
| 3660913740 | How did Islam interact with the indigenous religions of Africa? | able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion. | 72 | |
| 3660916267 | What was trade like in the towns of east Africa? (With whom did they trade and in what?) | -mostly took place on the Swahili coast in east Africa, with merchants from Asia (India, China) -inland/caravan trade would meet at the urban centers on the Swahili coast -African traders had goods such as gold and salt that were a match for the goods from Asia. | 73 | |
| 3660920802 | How successful was the spread of Islam with the people in east Africa? | Islam penetrated very little into the interior among the hunters, pastoralists, and farmers, and even the areas near the trading towns remained relatively unaffected - not very successful | 74 | |
| 3660920803 | Where in Africa was Islam most significant? | Sudan and Swahili coast | 75 | |
| 3660923055 | What approximate dates are given for the Byzantine Empire? | 500-1453 CE | 76 | |
| 3660924401 | Why is the Byzantine Empire important? | - empire was able to survive for almost 1000 years. - capital, Constantinople, was a major urban center. - empire was able to spread its cultural and political influence to the Balkans and southern Russia. - developed Orthodox Christianity, which broke off from Rome in 1054. | 77 | |
| 3660924402 | Where was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? | Constantinople | 78 | |
| 3660926956 | Who was Justinian and what were his accomplishments? | Byzantine emperor accomplishments: - rebuilding of Constantinople - systematizing of the Roman legal code (Justinian Law Code) - construction of Hagia Sophia - allowing for new architectural innovations (dome) | 79 | |
| 3660928392 | How successful was the Byzantine Empire in defending itself against attacks from invaders? | Despite difficulties with neighbors, Byzantine empire's wars demonstrate that Byzantium had real core strength | 80 | |
| 3660930076 | What were important features of the Byzantine bureaucracy? | - many of the officials closest to the emperor were eunuchs (men who guarded women in harems) - aristocrats predominated, but there was some openness to talent - elaborate system of spies maintained loyalty to the central government - provincial governors kept tabs on the military | 81 | |
| 3660930077 | What similarities can you identify between the elaborate bureaucracies of the Byzantine Empire and the Han dynasty in China? What are the differences? | - bureaucracies support imperial authority - aristocrats predominate, but officials could be recruited from all social classes - secular schools trained government officials - rulers appointed by God (Mandate of Heaven, Byzantine Empire is patriarch of Orthodox Church) | 82 | |
| 3660935635 | How were merchants treated in the Byzantine Empire? | large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire - never gained significant political power because of the elaborate network of government controls | 83 | |
| 3660937469 | Why did the Great Schism occur and what is the form of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire called? | -disagreement between pope in west and patriarch in east about communion bread and celibacy of priests - excommunicated each other in 1054 -form of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire is called Orthodox Christianity | 84 | |
| 3660937470 | When did the Byzantine Empire end and why? | 1453: the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and brought the Empire to a close. | 85 | |
| 3660974257 | What was the alphabet for the Slavs in Russia and how did they acquire it? | Cyrillic Orthodox missionary, Cyril, brought the alphabet to Russia | 86 | |
| 3660982626 | Who was a major influence on the Kievan Rus? Who was not a significant influence? What term describes the transfer of cultural ideas and patterns from one group to another? | -Byzantine Empire = major influence on Kievan Rus -Russia's religious culture and social and economic patterns developed separately from western Europe's. | 87 | |
| 3660984460 | What is the post classical period (between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century) in Western history called? | The middle ages | 88 | |
| 3660986583 | What was the status of learning and literacy in medieval Europe before the 8th century? | few literate people concentrated in monasteries → little was achieved other than copying older manuscripts. | 89 | |
| 3660986584 | What was manorialism? | economic structure of the Middle Ages - described the relationship between landlords an their peasant laborers | 90 | |
| 3660988728 | What was feudalism? | political structure of the Middle Ages - centered around relationships between kings, nobles and members of the military elite based on a reciprocal exchange of land for military service and loyalty | 91 | |
| 3660988729 | Who was Clovis? | Frankish king responsible for the conversion of his people to Christianity in oder to gain a vague domination over the Franks | 92 | |
| 3660988730 | Who was Charlemagne? | -King who united Germanic tribes and established a substantial yet temporary empire in France and Germany in 800 -crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III -Empire split when he died | 93 | |
| 3660995966 | How much power did the Holy Roman Emperors after Charlemagne have? Why? | The rule of the Holy Roman emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations. | 94 | |
| 3661003710 | What happened to the economy of Western Europe after the 10th century (900s) and how did it affect the social structure? | -new agricultural techniques -end of Viking raids -greater regional political stability -trade centers increased the pace of economic life and created a less rigid social structure | 95 | |
| 3661003711 | Which Pope called for the First Crusade and what was the year? | Pope Urban II in 1095 | 96 | |
| 3661007293 | What was the black death? | serious epidemic that killed off between 25 and 50 percent of Europe's population between c. 1350-1450. | 97 | |
| 3661007294 | How and when did the Black Death spread to and affect Western Europe? | came out of the eastern Mediterranean along shipping routes, reaching Italy in the spring of 1348. The epidemic is believed to have started in China and made its way west across Asia to the Black Sea. | 98 | |
| 3661009230 | What were 2 immediate results of the Black Death on western European society? | decreased population, increased number of free farmers because labor was in demand. serfs were less tied to the land because they could demand higher wages (this also helped end the feudal system). | 99 | |
| 3661009231 | How were universities in medieval Western Europe different from that of China? | not directly tied to the government | 100 | |
| 3661012252 | Who was Thomas Aquinas? | leading figure in the synthesis of classical rational philosophy with Christian theology; a teacher at the University of Paris in the 13th century | 101 | |
| 3661015734 | How did the Hundred Years War in the 14th and 15th centuries affect the feudal system? | feudal system was weakened. Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies. | 102 |
