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| 8167858705 | culture | *socially transmitted/learned* patterns of action and expression material: physical objects like dwellings, clothing, tools, crafts also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology | 0 | |
| 8167858706 | foragers | people in the Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age derived bulk of their nourishment from wild vegetable foods, with meat reserved for feasts may have had a better life than early agriculture societies - had plenty of pleasure time, got more nutrients, slept a lot | 1 | |
| 8167858707 | animal domestication | Mesopotamia: dog, sheep, goat, pig, cattle Eastern Sahara: cattle, sheep, goat Sub-Saharan Africa: used pastoralism, donkey, goats, oxen, fish Southern China/India: chicken, water buffalo, cattle Americas: llama, guinea pig, turkey Central Asia: two-humped camel, horses, cattle, goat, sheep Arabia: sheep, goat, one-humped camel | 2 | |
| 8167858708 | pastorialism | used in more arid parts of Africa and Central Asia way of life dependent on large herds of small and large stock used animals for basically everything | 3 | |
| 8167861503 | matrilineal lineages | tracing descent through women | 4 | |
| 8167864487 | patrilineal lineages | tracing descent through men | 5 | |
| 8167864488 | megaliths | Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times | 6 | |
| 8167864489 | civilizations | cities as administrative centers A political system based on control of a defined territory rather than kinship connections Many people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities Status distinction based largely on accumulation of wealth Monumental building - either literal building of large monuments or large-scale building A system for keeping permanent records Long-distance trade Major advances in the science and the arts --Earliest complex societies arose in the great valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Pakistan, and northern China - agriculture depended on river water - kings and priests dominated from the urban centers | 7 | |
| 8167866580 | Babylonian Creation Myth | Epic of Gilgamesh describes this derived from 12 stone tablets in the Akkadian language author (very surprising that we know this!): Shin-eqi-unninni | 8 | |
| 8167866581 | city-state | a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory Mesopotamia was comprised of these | 9 | |
| 8167866582 | lugal | "big man" aka king emerged in Sumerian cities in 300 BCE certain men were chosen by the community to lead armies in time of war and extended their authority in peacetime and assumed key judicial and ritual functions portrayed as the deity's earthly representative and saw to the upkeep and building of temples and the proper performance of ritual | 10 | |
| 8167866583 | cuneiform | writing that first appeared in ancient Mesopotamia before 3300 BCE earliest inscribed tablets found in temple at Uruk writing originated from a system of tokens used to keep track of property had wide-ranging uses written documents became primary proof of legal actions | 11 | |
| 8167866584 | dynasty | line of hereditary rulers used in Egypt | 12 | |
| 8167868412 | Hammurabi's Law Code | set of laws and principles to be used in legal cases written by ruler of Babylon | 13 | |
| 8167868413 | scribes | writers of Mesopotamian culture generally recorded information about elite males and their activities | 14 | |
| 8167868414 | anthropomorphic gods | gods like humans in form and conduct Mesopotamians viewed their gods as this - seek nourishment from sacrifice, enjoy the worship of humanity, and driven by lust/love/hate/anger/envy | 15 | |
| 8167869834 | ziggurat | temples built in the center of Mesopotamian cities - showed devotion to the divinities who protected the community | 16 | |
| 8167869835 | amulets | small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt reflect the religious practices of the common people | 17 | |
| 8167869836 | technology | machinery and equipment that aids in the development of society i.e. writing (cuneiform), irrigation, metallurgy, clay, military technology, mathematics | 18 | |
| 8167869837 | cataract | Parts of the Nile that are not navigable due to waterfalls and rapids | 19 | |
| 8167871564 | pharaoh | central figure in the ancient Egyptian state believed to be an early manifestation of the gods used his absolute power to maintain safety and prosperity in Egypt | 20 | |
| 8167871565 | ma'at | order of the same universe Egypt pharaoh used his absolute power to maintain this | 21 | |
| 8167871566 | pyramid | large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king reflects the Egyptian belief that the prosper and spectacular burial of the divine rule would guarantee the continued prosperity of the land | 22 | |
| 8167873186 | The Great Pyramid | built for Khufu in Old Kingdom | 23 | |
| 8167873187 | Old Kingdom | isolationist capital was Memphis in Lower Egypt period of pyramid building sign of collapse: officials' tombs placed in hometowns where they had power rather than near a royal tomb | 24 | |
| 8167873188 | Middle Kingdom | isolationist capital was Thebes in Upper Egypt early rulers restored centralized control after intermediate period by reducing the power and prerogatives of the old elite and creating a new class of loyal administrators | 25 | |
| 8167875347 | New Kingdom | capital was Thebes in Upper Egypt during this period, there was a push by Egyptians to be more aggressive with trade policies 1532 BCE to 1070 BCE became monotheistic for a short time during Akhenaten's rule and then reverted back to polytheism commerce in metals: tade Ramses II: 60 years of rule Queen Hatshepsut: female ruler whose monuments were destroyed after she died | 26 | |
| 8167875348 | hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing similar to cuneiform in that it was pictograms these were used for much more than cuneiform was (became literature, etc.) used papyrus instead of reeds and tablets like with cuneiform | 27 | |
| 8167875349 | Rosetta Stone | stone that had writing in both Egyptian and Greek which allowed us to translate hieroglyphics | 28 | |
| 8167875350 | papyrus | used to write hieroglyphics on | 29 | |
| 8167878038 | mummification | way to protect souls in Egyptian culture more detailed process the more elite you were | 30 | |
| 8167878039 | loess | yellowish-brown particles suspended in the water of the Yellow River extremely fertile and soft enough to be worked with digging sticks not strong enough for building on top of it environment was destroyed and land was cleared for this | 31 | |
| 8167878040 | divination | attempt to obtain information from ancestral spirits and gods done through oracle bones largely in the Shang Dynasty | 32 | |
| 8167878041 | oracle bones | used for divination wrote about king, his court, religious practices, used before battle, etc. | 33 | |
| 8167880022 | pictograms | Chinese characters that first appeared on oracle bones in the Shang Dynasty separate from the spoken Chinese language began with several hundred characters but developed into thousands | 34 | |
| 8167880023 | mandate of Heaven | used in Zhou Dynasty prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away the power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interest of his subjects although it was for the king, if you were involved in the bureaucracy you were expected to follow it as well | 35 | |
| 8167881257 | warring states period | second half of Eastern Zhou era scale and intensity of rivalry and warfare between the states accelerated more successful states conquered and absorbed less capable rivals aim of campaigns: territory for agriculture | 36 | |
| 8167881258 | legalism | belief that the ruler should trust his own judgement and employ whatever means necessary to compel obedience and good behavior in subjects willing to sacrifice individual freedom to guarantee the security and prosperity of the state led by Han Fei emerged during Zhou dynasty but popularized by the Qin opposite of Confucists, who believe that humans are morally good | 37 | |
| 8167881259 | confucianism | emerged during Zhou dynasty popularized by Mencius in the Analects stresses duty, public service, hierarchy (followed by family), ren, benevolence, filial piety (loyalty to men and respect of ancestors/elders), justice, avoidance of violence, dignity, loyalty, optimism, and RULE FOLLOWING | 38 | |
| 8167881260 | daoism | founder was Lao-Zi emerged during Zhou dynasty reaction to rigidity of Confucianism and legalism follow the path - very individualized because everyone's path is difference avoid violence and go with the current take minimum action necessary for task; path of least resisance lacks absolute morality - opposite of Confucianism in that way | 39 | |
| 8167881261 | yin and yang | two principles, one negative, dark, and feminine and one position, bright, and masculine whose interaction influences the destinies of creatures and things used within Daoism | 40 | |
| 8167883021 | llamas | important to the development of civilization in South America because they were the only domesticated beasts of burden in the Americas | 41 | |
| 8167883022 | Iron Age | an age in human history in which people began to use tools and weapons made of iron | 42 | |
| 8167883023 | mass deportation | forcible removal of large numbers of people; practiced by Assyrian and Persian empires | 43 | |
| 8167883024 | Hebrew | modern-day Israel 2000-500 BCE Bible was collection of sacred books containing materials concerning origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of their people monotheistic diaspora: dispersal patriarchal society son become king after father passed away; ruled in a way that upheld religious values urban centers established through taxation Abraham: founder of religion Moses: led Israelites out of Egypt Saul: first king of Israel David: second king - transition form tribal confederacy to monarchy Solomon: linked Israel into trade and alliance with other countries | 44 | |
| 8167884733 | Ten Commandments | brought by Moses central to Judaism and Christianity | 45 | |
| 8167886606 | Children of Israel | The most common designation of the Jewish people used in Jewish literature. It signifies the fact that we are descended from Jacob, who was also known as Israel. | 46 | |
| 8167886607 | Ark of the Covenant | held the Ten Commandments | 47 | |
| 8167886608 | First Temple | A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. | 48 | |
| 8167888418 | monotheism | belief in one god | 49 | |
| 8167888419 | diaspora | dispersal was the consequence of the raid on Judea by the Romans | 50 | |
| 8167890463 | Deuteronomic Code | a collection of religious and civil laws central to Deuteronomy | 51 | |
| 8167890464 | mercenaries | Foreign soldiers who fought not out of loyalty, but for pay. | 52 | |
| 8167890465 | Cosmopolitan Era | Human factors as a sophisticated discipline of the world. | 53 | |
| 8167892371 | Akkadian | "Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states;first empire | 54 | |
| 8167892372 | Aten | the focus of the monolatristic, henotheistic, or monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship and recognition of him. | 55 | |
| 8167892373 | Minotaur | A giant creature that King Minos allegedly imprisoned in an underground labyrinth. Half human and half bull. | 56 | |
| 8167892374 | frescoes | Large, bright murals that many wealthy Romans had painted directly on their walls. | 57 | |
| 8167892375 | Linear B | languages of Aegean civilizations pictorial never been deciphered | 58 | |
| 8167892376 | Magi | members of a priestly caste of ancient Persia. | 59 | |
| 8167894301 | Satrap | "governors" of 20 provinces of Persian Empire main duty was to collect and send tribute to the king - demonstrates the power of the king - shows _____ as inferior | 60 | |
| 8167894302 | Zoroastrianism | main god - Ahuramazda originated in Ancient Iran emphasized truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature venerated beneficent elements, such as water and fire believed humans are caught in the struggle of good and evil - good conduct rewarded in afterlife and poor conduct punished influential on Judaism and Christianity later on | 61 | |
| 8167894303 | Polis | city-state of Greeks developed independently of each other, especially in regards to government, but shared certain features with others consisted of an urban center and the rural territory it controlled acropolis in the center - agora was an open area/marketplace near acropolis each was fiercely jealous of its independence and suspicious of its neighbor - led to frequent warfare during early Greek times | 62 | |
| 8167894304 | acropolis | fortified hill at the city center of polis - included a temple of the local god or goddess | 63 | |
| 8167895644 | agora | at the foot of the acropolis public square and marketplace - not only exchange of goods but also ideas | 64 | |
| 8167895645 | Hoplites | heavily armored infantrymen who fought in close formation Greek states were defended by armies of private citizens - mostly farmers - called up for brief periods of crisis, rather than by a professional class of soldiers campaigns took place when farmers were available in between agricultural cycles | 65 | |
| 8167895646 | tyrant | a person who seized and help power in violation of the normal political traditions of the community often took advantage of emerging middle class | 66 | |
| 8167897247 | democracy | political system created by Greeks free adult males of pure Athenian ancestry were allowed to participate Council of 500: --50 councilors elected from each of the 10 tribes of Athens//Set agenda for the Assembly Assembly: --Evolved to become the most powerful political body//Opened to all citizens (remember who the citizens were); reduced friction between social classes // All citizens were allowed to speak and vote // Citizens considered equal before the law; granted freedom of speech Easier for wealthy to be a part // Took place in agora : center : where wealthier were // Farmers who lived in outskirts and had a farm to tend to were less likely to help | 67 | |
| 8167897248 | histories | first known examples of this is from Herodotus, a Greek man, about the Persian Wars | 68 | |
| 8167897249 | Helots | state-owned serfs most abused and exploited population on Greek mainland Sparta feared an uprising by them and prepared constantly for military | 69 | |
| 8167899022 | Peloponnesian League | Formed from the surrounding city-states near Sparta. It was formed to defeat democracy in Athens. | 70 | |
| 8167899023 | Council of 500 | 50 councilors elected from each of the 10 tribes of Athens Set agenda for the Assembly | 71 | |
| 8167900776 | Delian League | Athenian-led League that swept the Persians from the waters of the eastern Mediterranean and freed all Greek communities during Persian War Athenians became more powerful than others in the League | 72 | |
| 8167900777 | Trireme | new naval technology built by Athenians sleek, fast vessel powered by 170 rowers | 73 | |
| 8167902667 | Peloponnesian War | signaled end of Athenian Golden Age several city-states formed an alliance against Athens; the alliance was led by Sparta, who was threatened by Athens' economic and political power and influence fought between Athens and Sparta - Sparta allied itself with Persia - Athens was hit by plague and sacked 3 times Athens surrendered in 404 BCE - weakens democracy and all city-states | 74 | |
| 8167902668 | Persian Wars | Persian Empire wanted to invade Europe and expand Greek city-states cooperated in resisting Persian attacks between 490-480 BCE Battle of Marathon - Greeks win victory in first invasion Battle of Thermopylae - 300 Spartans hold off the Persians in the second invasion Battle of Salamis - naval battle where the Greeks sealed victory in the second invasion (Athenians led this) after victory against Persia, Athens rises to prominence because of the success of its naval alliance, the Delian League led to the Athenian Golden Age | 75 | |
| 8167902669 | Athens | possessed an unusually large and populous territory citizens divided into 4 classes based on annual yield of their farms - those in the top 3 could hold office - lowest class could participate in meetings of the Assembly citizens were only free adult males of pure ancestry women were confined and suppressed - men were often bisexual | 76 | |
| 8167904429 | Sparta | fear of helot-uprising let to evolution of their unique way of life became a military camp in a permanent state of preparedness soldiers from here were the best in Greece paid a huge personal price for military readiness - at age 7 boys taken to barracks declined to participate in the economic, political, and cultural renaissance in rest of Greece citizens forbidden to engage in commerce to maintain equality women expected to bear and raise strong children - encouraged to exercise, enjoyed a level of public visibility and outspokenness that shocked other Greeks won Peloponessian War | 77 | |
| 8167905992 | gentry | middle class and bureaucracy vital during the Qin and Han dynasties these people administered the policies and census and worked on behalf of the Han empire took Confucian exams during Han Empire | 78 | |
| 8167905993 | aqueduct | maintained by Romans major technological improvement in regards to water | 79 | |
| 8167905994 | Romanization | spread of Latin language and Roman way of life strongest in western provinces was not forced - people just saw benefits to learning Latin and wearing a toga | 80 | |
| 8167905995 | equites | class of well-to-do Italian merchants and landowners second in wealth and social status to senatorial class Augustus allied himself with them became core of a new, paid civil service that helped run the Roman Empire | 81 | |
| 8167905996 | monarchy | first part of Roman politics had a king 753-509 BCE Council of Nobles (Senate) set forth policy advice for kings, kings could only come from Senatorial class kingship was not necessarily hereditary, but seats in Senate were arms-bearing citizens (Popular Assembly) conferred power to kings Tarquin - last king of Rome until it became an empire | 82 | |
| 8167905997 | republic | 509-27 BCE Patrician-established Executive, legislative, and judicial functions Executive: Consuls - 2 - serve in a presidential manner - Commander in Chief of government and military - could be named dictator by Senate - power was limited though: term was a year, switched off month to month on who was the actual head of the government, could also veto each other Senate* - Senate had a lot of power when it came to Consuls : advised them, nominated them - so had some executive power Legislative: Senate* - 300 Senators - some were censors, or the people who conducted the census and to recommend if they needed more Senators - Senators served for life - in charge of directing both domestic and foreign policy as well as financial policies in the Republic - nominated the Consuls - Plebeians gain access to Senate in 300 BCE - originally made up of most well-known and wealthy family heads Assemblies: Centuriate Assembly - comprised of military men, people serving in private armies - organized into groups of 100 - members for life - votes to confirm the Consuls - declare war in peacetime - each century had one vote - voted in representative, democratic way Tribal Assembly - both Patricians and Plebeians could participate - based on location within Rome - organized into groups : the wealthier you were, the smaller your group was, so your vote was worth more - could introduce, pass, and vote on legislation Plebeian Council - began after Conflict of Orders - only available to Plebeians (which are still all men and no women) - elect the lowest Magistrates like local judges and bureaucrats - led by Tribunes who are eventually invited to Senate when more members are added to Senate Judicial: Praetors - term for judge - chosen by Centuriate Assembly and had one year term - 8 Praetors and two were kept within city confines of Rome, 6 others placed in outlying provinces to oversee judicial processes there - no jails, if guilty you would be sold into slavery and had to pay off a debt Legal Codes Biggest was The Twelve Tables - published on twelve different tablets - it was the Consuls' job to enforce these laws - supposed to be equally applicable to Patricians and Plebeians | 83 | |
| 8167907402 | empire | maintained the forms of the Roman Republic - the offices, honors, and privileges of Senatorial class - but fundamentally altered realities of power equites: merchants and landowners second in wealth and social status to senatorial class - Augustus (Octavian) allied himself with them - became core of a new, paid civil service that helped run the Roman Empire | 84 | |
| 8167907403 | patron/client relationship | clients sought help and protection of patrons and client was expected to follow patron into battle, work on his land, and support him in political arena evidence of institutionalized inequality in Rome | 85 | |
| 8167907404 | Plebeians | majority of Roman population gradually began to get more power, especially after Conflict of the Orders | 86 | |
| 8167910137 | Patricians | Roman elite made up Senate | 87 | |
| 8167910138 | tribunes | created during Conflict of the Orders drawn from nonelite classes and could veto actions of assembly that threatened interests of lower orders | 88 | |
| 8167910139 | Council of Elders | the Senate, which played a dominant role in politics of the Roman state. | 89 | |
| 8167911854 | Roman Senate | came from Patricians did not really represent Rome well advised Consuls, nominated them 300 people involved served for life in charge of directing both domestic and foreign policy as well as financial policies in the Republic Plebeians gained access to this in 300 BCE | 90 | |
| 8167911855 | triumvirate | group of 3 who shares power first: Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar | 91 | |
| 8167911856 | Augustus | He made it so that the rules of Republic didn't really do anything - made it a full empire; changed the constitution // ***considered to be first emperor of Roman Empire and consolidated power within himself - called himself Son of God | 92 | |
| 8167911857 | Jesus | central figure of Christianity | 93 | |
| 8167911858 | Paul | originally known as Saul who had violently opposed the Christianity faith he experienced a conversion and taught living in the Spirit; kept the religion alive took advantage of the pax romana to travel along the new Roman roads and preach his new religion and establish churches | 94 | |
| 8167914026 | Constantine | Won a key battle at Milvian Bridge near Rome - claimed that he saw a cross on the sun before battle - believed that God had helped him achieve victory, he issued the Edict of Milan, ending the persecution of Christianity and guaranteeing freedom of worship to Christians and all others moved capital to Constantine to keep away from most-threatened borders in eastern Europe | 95 | |
| 8167914027 | Shi Huangdi | emperor of Qin dynasty consolidated power under Legalism created a totalitarian government in 15 years | 96 | |
| 8167917812 | influence of legalism on Qin | 97 | ||
| 8167919380 | influence of Confucianism on Han | 98 | ||
| 8167916115 | subcontinent | India is an example of this | 99 | |
| 8167921710 | monsoon | came regularly in IOTN Could count on wind to take you to a certain place at a certain time - lot less risky - cheaper trade - more trade - more people involved | 100 | |
| 8167921711 | Varna | Hindu priests, warrior class, merchant class, lower servant class, and untouchables people who lived exemplary lives were reborn into higher classes | 101 | |
| 8167921712 | Untouchables | lowest class in varna system | 102 | |
| 8167923676 | Jati | Birth groups; subdivisions within the varna Especially in early Vedic Age, people lived, married, ate with only members of their group Idea of "pollution" of classes - inter-mingling | 103 | |
| 8167923677 | Karma | Sum of deeds major belief in Vedic Religion and Hinduism | 104 | |
| 8167923678 | Sanskrit | (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) | 105 | |
| 8167923679 | Moksha | A dreamless eternal sleep that frees a soul from suffering. Occurs when you are reunited with Brahman and escape reincarnation | 106 | |
| 8167923680 | Jainism | An influential religion that arose in India when people started to stray from brahmin rituals. It emphasizes ahimsa to extreme extents and believes even non-living things have souls | 107 | |
| 8167925862 | the Middle Path | associated with Buddhism belief in moderation | 108 | |
| 8167925863 | nirvana | Buddhist state of enlightenment; state of tranquility | 109 | |
| 8167925864 | stupas | religious buildings that originally housed Buddha relics. Stupas developed into familiar Buddhist architecture | 110 | |
| 8167925865 | Hinduism | no known founder religious text: Vedas believe in reincarnation and the caste system gods can take many forms all gods form universal spirit - the Brahman there will be rebirths until the soul achieves salvation family-centered women weren't hated but they were married off | 111 | |
| 8167925866 | puja | worship (personal altars within homes) | 112 | |
| 8167927684 | theater-state | state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. | 113 | |
| 8167927685 | sati | Ritual in india of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands | 114 | |
| 8167927686 | Mauryan | Arose on Ganges plain Capital: Pataliputra Chandragupta: first leader** Calculating politician (scheming, spies, etc.) | 115 | |
| 8167927687 | Gupta | A dynasty that united the indian states after the Mauryan empire. | 116 | |
| 8167927688 | Silk Road | Silk, olives, olive oil, wine, jade, silver, iron, fine cotton textiles, ivory, incense, spices, tortoise shells, horses, glassware, porcelain Mediterranean with China by way of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia Roman Empire, Han Empire, Parthian Empire, Kushan Empire Nomads very involved Stirrup, chariot warfare and use of mounted bowmen, horses, mules, camels Empires very involved Strong taxation Buddhism, Christianity | 117 | |
| 8167929368 | Stirrup | Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of these was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. | 118 | |
| 8167929369 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | Wood, bulk goods (hides, animal furs), gold, ivory, cotton, cloth, porcelain, silk, foodstuffs, black pepper Swahili coast cities, Islamic empires in the Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia merchants Magnetic compass, astrolabe, boats with stern-post rudders, triangular lateen sail, harnessing of monsoon winds Decentralized trade - merchants controlled trade rather than the government Did have some taxation Islam | 119 | |
| 8167929370 | Southernization | similar to Westernization spread of Southern ideas and items changed Southern Asia and later spread to other areas | 120 | |
| 8167931049 | Arabic numbers | Employed a base-ten system Indians created zero spread through trade | 121 | |
| 8167934356 | Wood, bulk goods (hides, animal furs), gold, ivory, cotton, cloth, porcelain, silk, foodstuffs, black pepper | Southern products/ideas which diffused through Ocean Trade | 122 | |
| 8167934357 | ka'ba | held statues and idols of regional and tribal gods central in Islam | 123 | |
| 8167936958 | Night of Power and Excellence | A vigil night where a being whom Muhammad later understood to be the angel Gabriel (Jibra'il in Arabic) spoke to him. | 124 | |
| 8167936959 | Jinns | Unseen desert spirits in Islam | 125 | |
| 8167936960 | shaitans | Unseen demonic spirits in Islam | 126 | |
| 8167936961 | Islam | central founder: Muhammad major city: Mecca 5 pillars - profession of faith, daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca | 127 | |
| 8167936962 | Hijrah | migration of Muhammad to Medina | 128 | |
| 8167939317 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 129 | |
| 8167939318 | Caliph | office established in Islam to rule the land "the king" | 130 | |
| 8167939319 | Caliphate | land of the Islamic empire "the kingdom" | 131 | |
| 8167941823 | the Five Pillars of Islam | profession of faith, daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca | 132 | |
| 8167941824 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 133 | |
| 8167941825 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 134 | |
| 8167941826 | Sultan | Arabic title meaning "power". | 135 | |
| 8167941827 | Shari'a | The law of Islam, provides the foundation of Islamic civilization. Yet aside from certain Quranic verses conveying specific divine ordinances—most pertaining to personal and family matters. | 136 | |
| 8167944095 | Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. | 137 | |
| 8167944096 | Madrasa | A type of religious college gained sudden popularity outside Iran, where they had been known since the tenth century. Scores of them, many founded by local rulers, appeared throughout the Islamic world. | 138 | |
| 8167944097 | People of the Book | 139 | ||
| 8167944098 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. | 140 | |
| 8167946269 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. | 141 | |
| 8167948116 | Pope | 142 | ||
| 8167948117 | Medieval | 143 | ||
| 8167948118 | Manors | 144 | ||
| 8167948119 | Serfs | 145 | ||
| 8167948120 | Feudalism | 146 | ||
| 8167949837 | fief | 147 | ||
| 8167949838 | lord | 148 | ||
| 8167949839 | vassals | 149 | ||
| 8167949840 | nepotism | 150 | ||
| 8167949841 | simony | 151 | ||
| 8167949865 | papacy | 152 | ||
| 8167951735 | mass | 153 | ||
| 8167951736 | Trinity | 154 | ||
| 8167951737 | schism | 155 | ||
| 8167951787 | Canon Law | 156 | ||
| 8167954380 | monasticism | 157 | ||
| 8167954381 | monasteries | 158 | ||
| 8167954382 | Caesaropapism | 159 | ||
| 8167956564 | Cyrillic | 160 | ||
| 8167956565 | Mahayana Buddhism | 161 | ||
| 8167956566 | tributary system | 162 | ||
| 8167958643 | junks | 163 | ||
| 8167958644 | gunpowder | 164 | ||
| 8167958645 | neo-Confucianism | 165 | ||
| 8167960842 | examination system | 166 | ||
| 8167960843 | "flying money" | 167 | ||
| 8167960844 | footbinding | 168 | ||
| 8167962675 | movable type | 169 | ||
| 8167962676 | tenno | 170 | ||
| 8167962677 | Shinto | 171 | ||
| 8167962678 | Samurai | 172 | ||
| 8167964711 | Champa rice | 173 | ||
| 8167964712 | Mali | 174 | ||
| 8167964713 | Songhai | 175 | ||
| 8167964714 | Mansa Musa | 176 | ||
| 8167966341 | salt, gold | Trans-Saharan trade commodities | 177 |
