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| 8379978710 | Pastoral Nomads | -Producers of food -Raise livestock and move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals -Lifestyle based almost entirely on domestic animals |  | 0 |
| 8380088440 | Humans | -Emerged from East Africa |  | 1 |
| 8380129264 | Early Towns | -Earliest towns developed in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers | 2 | |
| 8380158867 | Catal Huyuk | -Large Neolithic settlement in Southern Turkey (7500 BC-5700 BC) |  | 3 |
| 8380201199 | Sumer/Sumerians | -First urban civilization in the historical region of Southern Mesopotamia -lived along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates |  | 4 |
| 8380268165 | Cuneiform | -System of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians |  | 5 |
| 8380291664 | Ziggurats | -A rectangular stepped tower -Late 3rd millennium BC -Probably inspired biblical story of the Tower of Babel |  | 6 |
| 8380340993 | Hammurabi/Hammurabi's Codes | -6th king of the First Babylonian Dynasty -Extended Babylon's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns -Code of Hammurabi: one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history |  | 7 |
| 8380410425 | Pyramids | -Ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt -Built as tombs |  | 8 |
| 8380451848 | Harappan Civilization | -Bronze Age civilization that flourished in the basins of the Indus River (3300-1300 BCE) |  | 9 |
| 8380499128 | Shang Dynasty | -The earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history -Ruled in Yellow River valley |  | 10 |
| 8380553539 | Maize | -Also known as corn -First domesticated by indigenous peoples of Mexico 10,000 years ago |  | 11 |
| 8380553540 | Kush | -Ancient Nubian Kingdom -established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making it the second African state to emerge | 12 | |
| 8380563795 | Phoenician civilization | -Ancient Semitic civilization of unknown origin situated on Mediterranean coast |  | 13 |
| 8380569596 | Shi Huangdi | -Founder of the Qin dynasty and was first emperor of China -Wall of China was started under his rule |  | 14 |
| 8380577091 | Qin Dynasty | -First dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC -fell to peasant uprisings |  | 15 |
| 8380580523 | Han Dynasty | -2nd Imperial dynasty of China (206 BC-220 AD) -Golden Age in Chinese History |  | 16 |
| 8380585024 | The Art of War | -Ancient Chinese military treatise dating from 5th century BC -Attributed to ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu -Commonly thought of as a definitive work on military strategy and tactics | 17 | |
| 8380609047 | Legalism | -Classical school of Chinese philosophy -3 tendencies: the enforcement of law, the manipulation of statecraft, and the exercise of power -Based on the notion that humans are basically evil |  | 18 |
| 8381011723 | Laozi | -Ancient Chinese philosopher and writer -Founder of philosophical Daoism |  | 19 |
| 8381080141 | The Vedas | -Large body of text originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent -Composed in Vedic Sanskrit -Oldest scriptures of Hinduism |  | 20 |
| 8424877487 | The Olmecs | -First major civilization in Mesoamerica - Tropical lowlands of South-central Mexico |  | 21 |
| 8424943433 | The Indian Caste System | -Divides Hindus into 4 main categories; Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras -Untouchables |  | 22 |
| 8424946156 | Monsoons | -Traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation -Rainy phase of seasonal pattern |  | 23 |
| 8424954851 | Mauryan Dynasty | -Geographically extensive Iron Age; Chandragupta=emperor -reached its height under Ashoka |  | 24 |
| 8424958024 | Buddha | -Originally Siddhartha Gautama -Teachings founded Buddhism |  | 25 |
| 8424958025 | Nirvana | -Realization of non-self and emptiness, marking the end of rebirth -Release from all desires |  | 26 |
| 8424962271 | Cyrus the Great | -Founder of 1st Persian Empire -Created the largest empire in the world at that time |  | 27 |
| 8424966334 | Zoroastrianism | -Monotheistic religion that developed in Persia that saw material existence as a battle between forces of good and evil -Stressed importance of moral choice |  | 28 |
| 8424966335 | The Magi | -Priests in the Zoroastrian faith |  | 29 |
| 8425143383 | Alexander the Great | -Defeated Persians -Aristotle was his teacher -Created one of the largest empires of the ancient world (stretching from Greece to NW India) |  | 30 |
| 8425151875 | The Peloponnesian Wars | Ancient Greek war fought by Athens against Sparta (Sparta won) |  | 31 |
| 8425151876 | Polis | -means "city" in greek -also means the citizenship and body of citizens -greek city-states |  | 32 |
| 8425155806 | Stoicism | A school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens in early 3rd century BC. -focused on self-discipline -founded by Zeno of Citium |  | 33 |
| 8425155807 | Aristotle | A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato |  | 34 |
| 8425158257 | Homer | The name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the two epic poems; The Iliad & The Odyssey |  | 35 |
| 8425158258 | Hellenistic Culture | -Spread of Greek culture that began after the conquest of Alex. the Great -Greek culture blended with many other traditions from all over the world |  | 36 |
| 8425161722 | Shinto | A traditional Japanese religion that focuses on ritual practices to est. a connection between present-day Japan and it's past |  | 37 |
| 8425161723 | Incas | -largest empire in pre-columbian america -arose from highlands of peru in early 13th century after the decline of the Chimu |  | 38 |
| 8425165620 | The Yellow Turbans | Peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty -started in 184 (emperor ling) -ended in 205 -important affiliation with Daoism |  | 39 |
| 8425165621 | Islam | The religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life-came to India in the 7th century |  | 40 |
| 8425168179 | Germanic Mercenaries | In the later Roman Empire Germanic recruits helped fill out the Roman army, which later came back to hurt them. |  | 41 |
| 8425168180 | Constantine | -Roman emperor from 306-337 AD -built new imperial residence at Byzantium (Constantinople) |  | 42 |
| 8425171695 | The Byzantine Empire | -transmitted ancient Greek learning to both Western Europe and the Islamic world -spoke greek -capital=constantinople |  | 43 |
| 8425171696 | The Pope | The Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church |  | 44 |
| 8425176441 | Asiatic Nomads | -the horse-mounted nomads of central Asia -tribes arose in the heartland of Asia during the long centuries of ancient and medieval times. (The Huns, the Mongols, the Tartars) -homeland was the flat, virtually treeless grassland that formed Eurasian steppe | 45 | |
| 8425176442 | Bedouins | Pastoral nomads of the Arabian Peninsula. (heavily influenced Muhammad and the Islamic faith) |  | 46 |
| 8425179299 | Mecca | The most important Arabian city which was an active trade site for centuries. -site of the Kaaba |  | 47 |
| 8425179300 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570, raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. |  | 48 |
| 8425184103 | The Qur'an | The religious book of Islam that discusses the revelations given to Muhammad in the 7th century |  | 49 |
| 8425184104 | The Five Pillars | Five basic acts of Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life 1. Declaration of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage |  | 50 |
| 8425189071 | Caliph | A person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and the leader of the entire Muslim community |  | 51 |
| 8425189072 | Dhows | -generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with 1 or more masts with lateen sails (used in Red Sea and Indian Ocean) |  | 52 |
| 8425192321 | The Crusades | -series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church (11th-16th centuries) -especially campaigns in Eastern Mediterranean w/aim of capturing Jerusalem |  | 53 |
| 8425192322 | Saladin | -First Sultan of Egypt and Syria -founder of the Ayyubid dynasty -led Muslim military campaign against Crusader states in the late 1100s |  | 54 |
| 8425195433 | Al-Ghazali | Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher and ~mystic~ of Persian descent -referred to as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad |  | 55 |
| 8425198234 | Sufism | -Inner mystical dimension of Islam -Sufis often belong to different Turuq (orders) - grand master of a Turuq = Mawla |  | 56 |
| 8450375744 | Chinggis Khan | -born in Temujin -founder and great khan of the Mongol Empire -came to power by uniting nomadic tribes in N.E. Asia |  | 57 |
| 8450396342 | Bhaktic Cults | -theistic, devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism -provided alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste or gender | 58 | |
| 8450402253 | Maghrib | -most of the region of western North Africa (west of Egypt) -includes Atlas Mts. and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya |  | 59 |
| 8450471955 | Axum/Ethiopia | -ruled by King Lalibela, considered a saint by the Ethiopian church -reigned for 40 years -built/commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela |  | 60 |
| 8450499589 | Malinke Griots | -member of a class of traveling poets, musicians and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa | 61 | |
| 8450516737 | Ibn Battuta | -Medieval Moroccan Muslim traveler & scholar -widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers of all time -accounts of his travels written in the "Rihla" |  | 62 |
| 8450519881 | Sharia | Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Qu'ran and the traditions of the Prophet, prescribing both religious and secular duties. |  | 63 |
| 8450519882 | Zenj | -name used by Medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily Swahili Coast) and to the area's Bantu people | 64 | |
| 8450522412 | Hagia Sophia | -Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal church (basilica) -later turned into an Imperial Mosque -now a museum in Turkey |  | 65 |
| 8450524229 | Greek Fire | -weapon developed in c. 672 -used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire -typically was used in naval battles because it could continue to burn while floating on water |  | 66 |
| 8450524230 | Tsar | -title used to designate certain Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers -derived from Latin "Caesar" which was intended to mean Emperor |  | 67 |
| 8450527871 | The Battle of Manzikert | -Battle fought between Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks in 1071 near Manzikert -defeat of the Byzantines played important role in the fall of the empire |  | 68 |
| 8450527905 | The Fourth Crusade | -Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent II -originally intended to conquer Muslim controlled Jerusalem -Venetians instead motivated the Crusade to take the city of Constantinople |  | 69 |
| 8450530485 | Kiev | -key Scandinavian trading post found on the Dnieper River |  | 70 |
| 8450533684 | Vladimir I | -Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus from 980-1015 -converted to Christianity in 988 and Christianized Kievan Rus |  | 71 |
| 8450536074 | Boyars | -landed nobles and members of the highest rank of feudal Russia, second only to the ruling Prince(s) (10th century -17th century) |  | 72 |
| 8450536075 | The Tatars | Russians and Europeans used the name Tatar to denote Mongols and Turkish peoples under Mongol rule (especially in Golden Horde) | 73 | |
| 8450539189 | Vikings | Norse seafarers, speaking the old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Scandinavian homelands across Europe (late 8th-11th centuries) |  | 74 |
| 8450541595 | Serfs | The status of many peasants under feudalism, especially relating to manorialism -condition of bondage, developed during High Middle Ages in Europe |  | 75 |
| 8450902605 | Charles Martel | -Frankish statesman and military leader -victory over the Almoravids stopped the expansion of Islamic kingdoms into Western Europe |  | 76 |
| 8450907270 | Willam the Conqueror | -First Norman King of England, reigning from 1066-1087 -Duke of Normandy -launched Norman conquest of England 6 years after 1060 | 77 | |
| 8450911759 | Hundred Years' War | -a series of conflicts waged from 1337-1453 by England against France for control of the Kingdom of France |  | 78 |
| 8450911760 | Hanseatic League | -commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns -dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along coast of Northern Europe |  | 79 |
| 8450915278 | Wuzong | Chinese Emperor of the Tang Dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in the 840's -reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian Ideology |  | 80 |
| 8450915317 | Chang'an | -Capital of the Tang Dynasty and the largest city in the world at that time |  | 81 |
| 8450919303 | Wendi | -founder and 1st emperor of China's Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD) -encouraged the spread of Buddhism through the state -unified China in 589 after centuries of division since the fall of the Western Jin dynasty in 316 -he began construction of the great canal |  | 82 |
| 8450922310 | Karakorum | -Capital of the Mongol Empire between 1236-1260 |  | 83 |
| 8450925449 | the Golden Horde | -Russian designation for the western part of the Mongol empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. -The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols -name comes from the golden tents they used. |  | 84 |
