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| 12461629982 | Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) | *•Began about 2.5 million years ago and ended in 8000 BCE* •Predates agricultural societies •These people migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas •Ability to control fire •Religious rituals included sacrifice to gods, goddesses, and spirits •Expression through art and music (cave paintings and flutes) •Weapons include rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows •Tribes with chiefs, leaders, and religious figures •Hunter/gatherer societies •Begun to domesticate animals (dog and sheep) but had not yet begun to practice agriculture | 0 | |
| 12461629983 | New Stone Age (Neolithic) | *•Began about 8000 BCE and ended in 5000 BCE* •Earliest evidence of agriculture dates to between 10,000 BCE - 8000 BCE ➥they are located in the "Fertile Crescent" in modern-day Egypt and Iraq •Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops •Earliest method of cultivation was slash-and-burn agriculture •People settled down and developed complex societies •Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia •Crafts such as pottery and weaving emerged •Food surplus led to an increase in population •Early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles •Specialization emerged and this eventually led to social classes ➥the role/status of women diminished compared with that of hunting-gathering societies | 1 | |
| 12461629984 | Hunter-Gathering Societies | •Mostly associated with the Paleolithic Era •Gender determined the type of labor that one had to do | 2 | |
| 12461629985 | Gender Division of Labor | •In hunting-gathering societies: ➥men would typically do the hunting ➥women would typically gather wild berries and other foods that grew on vegetation ➥women would also take a large role in nurturing children ➥because the importance of both roles seemed equal, this can be considered egalitarian | 3 | |
| 12461629986 | Neolithic Revolution | •Also referred to as the Agricultural Revolution •The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle | 4 | |
| 12461629987 | Pastoralism | •This type of society was typically nomadic and focused on caring for herds and flocks •They are more socially stratified (classes) than hunters and gatherers, but not as established as Early River Valley Civilizations •Pastoralists created problems when overgrazing, which led to erosion •The nomadic lifestyle of pastoralists made the exchange of technological advances with a variety of established civilizations possible •Pastoralists tended to be patriarchal | 5 | |
| 12461629988 | Specialization of Labor | •The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work ➥examples include: metallurgy, pottery making, weavers, etc. | 6 | |
| 12461629989 | Cultural Diffusion | •The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another | 7 | |
| 12461629990 | Social Stratification | •A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political). | 8 | |
| 12461629991 | Metallurgy | •The science of working with metals | 9 | |
| 12461629992 | Vedism | •The form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas •This period lasted between 1500 and 500 BCE ➥the Vedas (primary texts of Hinduism) were recorded in these years ➥the Rig Veda was the first of these •The Vedas were a collection of songs, hymns, and prayers honoring Aryan gods | 10 | |
| 12461629993 | Zoroastrianism | •A system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BCE based on the teachings of Zarathustra •The supreme god of this religion is Ahura Mazda •The major belief of this religion is that the material world is a blessing ➥it teaches to enjoy everything the world has to offer (wealth, sexual pleasure, and social status) | 11 | |
| 12461629994 | Shamanism | •Religious leaders in such societies are generally called shamans and were believed to speak to spirits and heal the sick | 12 | |
| 12461629995 | Ancestor Veneration | •Based on the beliefs that the dead, primarily ancestors, have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors •Found especially in China | 13 | |
| 12461629996 | Andean Cultures | •In South America, specifically the Andes, Norte Chico people developed a civilization about 3000 BCE - 1800 BCE •There was no method of writing but they used quipu, knots made in strings, as a form of recording transactions and chronology •They passed elements of their culture to the Chavín, Moche, Nazca, and Incan | 14 | |
| 12461629997 | Judaism | •The first monotheistic religion ➥spawned Christianity and Islam •This holds that God selected a group of people, the Hebrews, and made himself known to them ➥this group of people became the Jews •People of this religion follow the texts of the the Hebrew Bible, which include the Torah and other sacred texts that formed the basis of the Old Testament in Christianity | 15 | |
| 12461629998 | Hinduism | •Hindus believe in one supreme force called Brahma, the creator, who is in all things ➥the life goal of Hindus is to merge with Brahma •Hindus believe in reincarnation and a caste system •Hindu ethics: ➥dharma—righteousness (obey religious and moral laws of the cast you are born into) ➥artha—wealth (to uphold dharma and provide for family and society) ➥kama—desire (take pleasure in social, physical, and sexual activities) •The cycle of life, death, and rebirth continues until you achieve moksha ➥moksha—salvation of the soul •The Vedas and the Upanishads are the texts that guide Hindus •Hinduism began with the Aryan invaders because they brought an early form of Hinduism to India called Brahmanism | 16 | |
| 12461629999 | Buddhism | •Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths: ➥All life is suffering ➥Suffering is caused by desire ➥One can be freed of this desire ➥One is freed of desire by following what's called the Eightfold Path •The Eightfold Path is made up of right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right meditation •The goal in one's life is to reach nirvana, the state of perfect peace and harmony ➥this takes several lifetimes so Buddhists also believe in reincarnation | 17 | |
| 12461630000 | Theravada Buddhism | •Emphasizes meditation, simplicity, and an interpretation of nirvana as the renunciation of human consciousness and of the self •Buddha is not considered a god | 18 | |
| 12461630001 | Mahayana Buddhism | •Appeals to people who believed that the original teachings of Buddha did not offer enough spiritual comfort ➥they began to hypothesize that other forms of salvation were possible •The Buddha became a godlike deity •Bodhisattvas = those who have achieved nirvana but choose to remain on Earth •Rely on priests and scriptures | 19 | |
| 12461630002 | Confucianism | •A social and philosophical policy that says that the best way to promote good government is to hire people who are well-educated and conscientious •Focuses on five fundamental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend •Junzi = individuals considered superior because they are educated, conscientious, and able to put aside personal ambition for the good of the state •Junzi possess qualities such as ren, li, and xiao ➥ren—a sense of humanity, kindness, and benevolence ➥li—a sense of propriety, traditionally appropriate behavior ➥xiao—filial piety, which means a respect for family obligation, included to the extended family (especially elders) •Was primarily used by the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 AD) | 20 | |
| 12461630003 | Daoism | •A Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Lao-tzu (Laozi) •The core belief is that the balance between humans and nature would lead to changes in Chinese government •Dao = the way of nature (natural order/path) •Humans should stop trying to achieve personal goals and instead live very simply in order to achieve harmony with nature •Wuwei is an important moral trait whereby people remove themselves from worldly affairs •Diminished the need for a government •Can be seen as a rejection of Confucianism •Gained officials status in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) | 21 | |
| 12461630004 | Syncretism | •A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith | 22 | |
| 12461630005 | Qin Dynasty | *•221-c. 207 BCE* •Used Legalist philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) •A centralized bureaucracy ruled the state •They unified China by attacking one province at a time •Connected separate fortification walls that became the Great Wall of China •Qin Shi Huang was the Qin's first emperor •Is short-lived because of strict laws and harsh punishments ➥was overthrown and replaced by the Han dynasty | 23 | |
| 12461630006 | Han Dynasty (Early)(Western) | *•206 BCE-9 CE* •Founded by rebel Liu Bang •Han Wudi, "the martial emperor," ruled from 141-87 BCE with two goals: to centralize government and expand the empire ➥he used Legalist principles for the government but overall, the Han used Confucianism •Demand for Chinese silk in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire led to development of the Silk Roads in 130 BCE | 24 | |
| 12461630007 | Han Dynasty (Later)(Eastern) | *•25-220 CE* •Separated from the former Han, as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 CE •Moved capital from Chang'an eastwards to Luoyang •Rise in epidemics led to the Yellow Turban uprising weakened the Han Dynasty | 25 | |
| 12461630008 | Persian Empire | •Cyrus the Great founded the first Persian Empire in 550 BCE (Achaemenid Empire) ➥it united Mesopotamia, Egypt's Nile Valley, and India's Indus Valley •Darius I took over the empire after Cyrus II and ruled it for 35 years until falling to Alexander the Great in 330 BCE | 26 | |
| 12461630009 | Mauryan Empire | *•322-185 BCE* •An Indian empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya •Chandragupta's grandson, Ashoka conquered the kingdom of Kalinga through bloody battles ➥he converted to Buddhism after seeing the horror of war •Ashoka is also known for his Rock and Pillar edicts that reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives •Ashoka's death, along with social tensions and economic difficulties that arose from concentration of wealth with the elite, led to the decline of the empire | 27 | |
| 12461630010 | Gupta Empire | *•320-550 CE* •The Gupta Empire was more decentralized and smaller than the Mauryans •Chandra Gupta started this empire •Under the Guptas, it was the Golden Age (intellectual, art) | 28 | |
| 12461630011 | Satraps | •A provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire | 29 | |
| 12461630012 | Ancient Greece | •Ancient Greece civilization began c. 700 BCE •Greek mainland was mountainous ➥80% was mountainous so this created a natural border •Greeks used mythology to explain things around them since there was no science at the time (polytheistic) •Sparta was a militaristic city-state while Athens focused more on politics, art, and literature •Phillip II of Macedonia (upper Greece) conquers Athens and more of Greece ➥Phillip's son (Alexander the Great) conquers more after Phillip is killed ➥he gets as far as India but the Mauryans defeat him •Alexander the Great dies 323 BCE •Greece fell to the Roman in 146 BCE | 30 | |
| 12461630013 | Alexander the Great | •Son of Phillip II and was taught by Aristotle •Widely expanded Macedonian dominance •Macedonians conquered the Persian Empire and moved eastward to the shores of the Indus River •Because of Alexander the Great, eventually the Hellenistic culture was born •Dies in 323 BCE at the age of 33 in Babylon | 31 | |
| 12461630014 | Roman Republic | •In 509 BCE, an aristocratic republic replaced the Roman monarchy ➥built the Roman forum •Civil and military duties and power were given to two consuls elected for one-year terms by an assembly dominated by the aristocracy (patricians) ➥a senate dominated the decision-making process •Tension developed as interests of the lower class (plebeians) were not represented ➥this led to the development of tribunes (officials elected by plebeians), which had the right to intervene in all political affairs and veto unjust laws •During times of civil or military crisis, a dictator was appointed with absolute power for a six-month term to restore peace and stability | 32 | |
| 12461630015 | Roman Empire | *•Start Date: 27 BCE* •The Alps to the north provided protection from an invasion by land (not enough) •Under Augustus (Octavius), Rome became the capital of the Western world and the Pax Romana started for 200 years (27 BCE-180 CE) •Christianity grew and flourished due to Constantine ➥Edict of Milan: 313 CE (allowed Christians to be treated well in Rome) ➥Edict of Thessalonica: 380 CE (made Christianity the official religion of Rome) •The Roman Empire eventually split in two: the Western half and the Eastern Half •The Western half fell in 476 CE, while the Eastern half fell in 1453 CE) ➥the Western fall was due to invasions from Germanic tribes because Rome hired them as mercenaries without paying them | 33 | |
| 12461630016 | Teotihuacan | •Ancient Mesoamerican northeast of Mexico City •Origins are a mystery but the Aztecs occupied the city c. 1400 CE ➥some scholars believe that the Toltecs built the massive city •Arranged in a grid layout ➥important architecture include the Pyramid of the Moon, the Pyramid of the Sun, the Ciudadela, and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl (the Feathered Serpent) | 34 | |
| 12461630017 | Pax Romana | *•Roman peace between 27 BCE-180 AD* •From the reign of Augustus to the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius | 35 | |
| 12461630018 | Mita System | •Labor system created by the Inca which required mandatory public service to the Empire •Following Spanish conquest, the new colonial government adapted the forced labor system to meet their needs •The system forced native Indians to work several months a year, generally on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or on public works projects •Natives were barely compensated for their work | 36 | |
| 12461630019 | Trans-Saharan Trade | •Introduction of the camel by Arabs and use of them by Arabs and Berbers sped up communication and transportation across the Sahara ➥caravans of camels crossed the Sahara in 70 to 90 days •Kingdoms such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in wester Africa were important in connecting the Mediterranean basin to sub-Saharan Africa •Islamic merchants were an important part of the trade route and later introduced Islam to Mansa Musa in Mali •Gold, slaves, and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, salt, and manufactured wares from the north | 37 | |
| 12461630020 | The Silk Roads | *•2nd-century BCE to 14th century CE* •A network of trade routes that connected the Mediterranean to China •Established when the Han Dynasty opened trade with the West •Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease •Asia traded silk and spices west to consumers in Central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman Empire •The bubonic plague spread and there were also thieves on the Silk Roads | 38 | |
| 12461630021 | Feudalism | •The European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages (500 CE-1500 CE) ➥the Middle Ages can also be referred to as "Medieval Times" •Kings - nobles - vassals - peasants (serfs) •The estates that were granted to vassals were called fiefs, and these later became known as manors | 39 | |
| 12461630022 | Dark Ages | *•500-800 CE* •After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, a lot of Roman culture and knowledge was lost ➥the reason historians call this time period the Dark Ages is because there was no central government recording events | 40 | |
| 12461630023 | The Crusades | *•1095-1291* •Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095/1096 CE because he felt threatened by the expansion of the Muslims ➥another major reason for the Crusades was to take the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims •The Crusades were unsuccessful for the Christians | 41 | |
| 12461630024 | The Black Death | *•14th century-16th century* •The Plague started in Asia and traveled westwards on the Silk Roads ➥the disease was carried by fleas that lived on rats •Killed one third of the European population | 42 | |
| 12461630025 | Scholasticism | •A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason | 43 | |
| 12461630026 | Moveable-type | •During the Song period (960-1279 CE), moveable type used cast bronze tiles that each had a single character (ideograph) that allowed for the type to be moved ➥this allowed for the government to print books and make knowledge more accessible | 44 | |
| 12461630027 | The Renaissance | *•1300-1600 CE* •"Rebirth"was of Greco-Roman thinking/culture •It began in Florence, Italy •Humanism was a philosophy that all people should strive to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science. It looked for realism and human emotion in art ➥focused on things of this world ➥differed from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages •Artists such as Donatello and Michelangelo studied muscle structure •Humanist scholars concentrated on morals, literature, and history based on a deep commitment to Christianity | 45 | |
| 12461630028 | Hundred Years' War | *•1337-1453 CE* •War fought between England and France •Charles IV of France died without a male heir and Edward III of England believed he had the right to become the king of France ➥King Phillip VI of France took control of Aquitaine from the English and Edward III decided to fight back •A young French girl named Joan of Arc saw a vision from God and led the French to a victory at Orleans in 1429 | 46 | |
| 12461630029 | Magna Carta | *•1215 CE* •A 63-clause document that King John of England was forced to sign that states that the king of England was above the law •Background Info: ➥John became king when his brother, Richard the Lionheart, died without children ➥the English Barons did not like him because he heavily taxed them ➥the English Barons' rebellion in 1215 was led by Baron Robert Fitzwalter ➥after the Barons took London, King John negotiated by signing the Magna Carta •Neither side followed the agreement and it caused a Civil War | 47 | |
| 12461630030 | The Vikings | *•700s-1066 CE* •Scandinavians who used longboats to travel through European rivers and conquer Europe •Vikings settled in Paris and became royalty •In 1066, the Vikings conquered England | 48 | |
| 12461630031 | Reconquista | *•718-1492 CE* •A long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula •The Moors were Muslims who lived in the northern African countries of Morocco and Algeria and called the Iberian Peninsula "Al-Andalus" •In 1718, King Pelayo of the Visigoths defeated the Muslim army in Alcama at the Battle of Covadonga and this was the start of the Reconquista •In 1732, Charlemagne of the Carolingian family stops the Moors from advancing into France ➥the Pope named Charlemagne "Holy Roman Emperor" and the church now had an army •Spain was united when King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were married in 1469 ➥they took back the land of Granada in 1492, ending the Reconquista | 49 | |
| 12461630032 | Urbanization | •An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. | 50 | |
| 12461630033 | Muhammad | *•570-632 CE* •Founder of Islam •An angel named Gabriel visited Muhammad in a cave in 610 CE •Muslims believe that he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to mankind •He preached throughout Mecca that there was no God but Allah and that Muslims should devote their life to this God •His teachings made up the Qu'ran •Died in Medina | 51 | |
| 12461630034 | Sunni-Shiite Split | •Sunni: ➥85% of Muslims are Sunni ➥Believe that Muhammad had no rightful heir and that the religious leader should be the person who rules best ➥Believe that Muhammad's followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close friend and advisor, as his successor •Shiite: ➥Believe that only Allah can select religious leaders ➥Believe that all successors must be direct descendants of Muhammad's family ➥Believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the rightful heir to the leadership of the Islam religion after Muhammad's death | 52 | |
| 12461630035 | Abbasids | *•Period 1: 750-1258 CE* ➥the Abbasids were strong leaders who controlled a vast territory and created a culture that is referred as the Golden Age of Islam ➥in 1258, the capital city of Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols causing the Abbasids to flee to Egypt *•Period 2: 1261-1517 CE* ➥the Abbasid Caliphate was located in Cairo, Egypt ➥the Abbasids were still considered the religious leaders of the Islamic world but a different group called the Mamluks held the true political and military power •The Golden Age of Islam lasted from 790 CE to 1258 CE ➥great advances were made in many areas of science, mathematics, and medicine •The Ottoman Empire conquered both the Abbasids and Mamluks in 1517 | 53 | |
| 12461630036 | Timbuktu | •Located near the Niger River, it was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa •Trans-Saharan trade brought great wealth to this city •By the mid-1300s, Timbuktu was a part of the Mali Empire •Reached its height under the Songhai, attracting merchants, traders, and Islamic scholars •Mosques, schools, and libraries were built throughout the city •The collapse of the Songhai Empire and the establishment of European trading posts along the coast of West Africa led to the decline of the city | 54 | |
| 12461630037 | The Ottomans | *•1299-1923 CE* •Founded by Osman I, a leader of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia, when he declared independence from the Seljuk sultan and began to build a state out of the declining Byzantine Empire •In 1453, Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror), captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul ➥a large number of scholars fled from Constantinople to Italy which helped to spark the European Renaissance •Reached its peak during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-166 CE) ➥during this time, the empire expanded and included much of Eastern Europe including Greece and Hungary | 55 | |
| 12461630038 | The Mali Empire | *•c. 1230-1600 CE* •An empire in Western Africa that grew up along the Niger River •Formed when a ruler named Sundiata Keita united the tribes of the Malinke people and led them to overthrow the rule of the Soso ➥eventually, they took over the Empire of Ghana •Government was led by the emperor who was called the Mansa •The religion of Islam played an important role ➥they did not force their subjects to convert •Farmer were the one of the most respected castes because they provided food •Mansa Musa made a lavish trip to Mecca in Saudi Arabia (1324) which is the holy city of the Muslims ➥he brought back new ideas to Mali which included a number of scholars who helped to improve his empire •The Songhai Empire rose to power in the 1500s and the Mali Empire fully declined in the 1600s | 56 | |
| 12461630039 | The Indian Ocean Trade | *•c. 800-c. 1500 CE* •Connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa •Boats that sailed the Indian Ocean were more resilient to the large waves common in those waters •Traders learned to understand the monsoon seasons and direction of the winds and scheduled their voyages accordingly ➥as a result, port cities tended to have large numbers of non-citizens waiting for changes in the monsoon winds ➥port cities tolerated a variety of cultural practices •It was the ideal network for exchanging bulk items (timber, ivory, spiced, cotton textiles) because they would have been difficult to move on land routes •Wasn't controlled by any particular state or empire until the arrival of the Europeans | 57 | |
| 12461630040 | Ship Technology | •Lateen Sails: ➥a triangular-shaped sail that improved upon the traditional square sail ➥by the 500's CE, lateen sails had extensively replaced the square sail ➥had the ability to "catch" wind on the sides, as well as from behind (good for monsoons) ➥the sail was used in the Indian Ocean trade •Dhows: ➥sailing vessels with lateen sails ➥record of their construction exist in the Roman Empire ➥functioned as both cargo and passenger ships ➥used extensively by Arab sailors in the Arabian Sea and later, during the post-classical period, in the Indian Ocean by Indian, Arab, and Persian sailors; helped spread Islam •Junks: ➥oceangoing ships built in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) ➥used a magnetic compass and stern-mounted rudder; they were equipped with gunpowder-propelled rockets ➥helped to intensify and advance Chinese trade •Caravels: ➥oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century ➥was built because Europeans needed ships that could maneuver more efficiently in the Atlantic Ocean ➥ships were smaller than traditional European ships and provided sailors access to shallow coastal waters and to explore upriver ➥lateen sails were used along with the traditional square sail, it gave the caravel great speed | 58 | |
| 12461630041 | Polynesian Migrations | •The 3,000 year Polynesian migrations populated a 20,000 mile expanse of the Pacific •Began in the Indonesian and Philippine; these migrations led the Polynesian peoples on long eastward journeys, carried on outrigger canoes that allowed them to travel vast distances over water •Deforested some of the places they settled— most notably Easter Island, whose civilization was destroyed by environmental stress and tribal war by 1500s CE | 59 | |
| 12461630042 | European Exploration | Motives of European Exploration: ➥to find new, more efficient water trade routes to Asian markets, avoiding the established land routes through Muslim-controlled areas ➥to find new lands to extend the cultivation of cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and pepper ➥to spread the Christian religion ➥to gain political status Effects of European Exploration: ➥Bartholomeu Dias, a Portuguese explorer, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa in 1488, stopping at the Indian Ocean ➥Vasco da Gama, from Portugal, rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued his voyage up the eastern coast of Africa, eventually making his way to India; this sea route gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross the traditional land routes controlled by Muslims ➥Portuguese exploration led to increased interaction with West Africa and the beginning of trading posts ➥Christopher Columbus, whose voyages were sponsored by Spain, searching for a western water route to the Asian markets, landed in the Caribbean and thus "discovered" the New World ➥In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan, also sailing for Spain, became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean | 60 | |
| 12461630043 | Atlantic Slave Trade | *•Late 16th century to the early 19th century* •Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas ➥the majority of slaves were exported from west and central Africa •Middle Passage: ➥the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean to arrive in the Americas •Slaves were sent to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, to central America and Peru to work in silver mines, and to North America to work on plantations cultivating cash crops such as cotton and tobacco |  | 61 |
| 12461630044 | Cash Crops | •Crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit ➥these crops were not for use by the grower | 62 | |
| 12461630045 | Columbian Exchange | •Global exchange between the New and Old Worlds •Plants, food, animals, people and other resources exchanged •European colonization in the Americas allowed for diseased from Europe to spread in the Americas, including smallpox, influenza, and measles | 63 |
