spread of islam
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| 239651821 | islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | 0 | |
| 239651822 | allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | 1 | |
| 239651823 | muslims | those who practice the religion of Islam; believe in one God, and the prophet Muhammad whom they believe God spoke through | 2 | |
| 239651824 | muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | 3 | |
| 239651825 | quran | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 4 | |
| 239651826 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 5 | |
| 239651827 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 6 | |
| 239651828 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 7 | |
| 239651829 | Umayyad clan | Forced Muhammed to flee | 8 | |
| 239651830 | ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 9 | |
| 239651831 | medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | 10 | |
| 239651832 | ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites | 11 | |
| 239651833 | umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan | 12 | |
| 239651834 | zakat | The Muslim obligation to give alms for the care of the poor and needy | 13 | |
| 239651835 | caliph | the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 14 | |
| 239651836 | abu bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 15 | |
| 239651837 | ridda wars | wars that followed muhammad's death; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of islam | 16 | |
| 239651838 | sunni's | 85% of Muslims, and it is NOT necessary to be related to Muhammad to be a successor. majority in bangladesh, india, indonesia, and pakistan | 17 | |
| 239651839 | shia | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 18 | |
| 239651840 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 19 | |
| 239651841 | jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 20 | |
| 239651842 | dhimmis | a term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians. | 21 | |
| 239651843 | hadith | (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran | 22 | |
| 239651844 | abbasid | The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts. | 23 | |
| 239651845 | baghdad | capital and largest city of Iraq | 24 | |
| 239651846 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 25 | |
| 239651847 | dhow | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 26 | |
| 239651848 | lateen sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade | 27 | |
| 239651849 | al-mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 28 | |
| 239651850 | harun al-rashid | caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad | 29 | |
| 239651851 | the thousand and one nights | A group of tales narrated by a fictional princess, many are set in baghdad, include romances, fables, adventures, best known for Aladdin and the magic lamp | 30 | |
| 239651852 | buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads. | 31 | |
| 239651853 | sultan | military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country | 32 | |
| 239651854 | seljuk turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 33 | |
| 239651855 | crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 34 | |
| 239651856 | saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 35 | |
| 239651857 | ibn khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. | 36 | |
| 239651858 | omar khayyam | Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123) | 37 | |
| 239651859 | rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine | 38 | |
| 239651860 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 39 | |
| 239651861 | al-ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 40 | |
| 239651862 | sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 41 | |
| 239651863 | mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 42 | |
| 239651864 | chinggis khan | born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world | 43 | |
| 239651865 | hulegu | ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad | 44 | |
| 239651866 | mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 45 | |
| 239651867 | muhammad ibn qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire | 46 | |
| 239651868 | mahmud of ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. | 47 | |
| 239651869 | muhammad of ghur | military commander of persian extraction; began attempt to establish muslim control of india | 48 | |
| 239651870 | sultans of delhi | Title of the Islamic imperial houses of India, which literally means princes of the heartland. | 49 | |
| 239651871 | sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced. | 50 | |
| 239651872 | bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 51 | |
| 239651873 | shirivijaya | Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam. | 52 | |
| 239651874 | stateless nation | a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques | 53 | |
| 239651875 | bantu migration | the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | 54 | |
| 239651876 | ifriqiya | the Arabic term for Eastern North Africa | 55 | |
| 239651877 | almoravids | followers of the Great Puritanical Reformist Movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; reject Sufis; very violent (launch a series of jihads, or holy wars) | 56 | |
| 239651878 | almohadi | a Berber dynasty founded in the 12th century that conquered most of northern Africa | 57 | |
| 239651879 | jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 58 | |
| 239651880 | axum | trading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia | 59 | |
| 239651881 | ethiopia | Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea | 60 | |
| 239651882 | king lalibela | Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains | 61 | |
| 239651883 | sudanic states | States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways. | 62 | |
| 239651884 | ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade | 63 | |
| 239651885 | mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 64 | |
| 239651886 | sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 65 | |
| 239651887 | griots | Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and historians | 66 | |
| 239651888 | ibn batutta | from Morocco, visited muslim countries | 67 | |
| 239651889 | mansa musa | this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa | 68 | |
| 239651890 | timbuktu | a city in central Mali near the Niger river | 69 | |
| 239651891 | songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 70 | |
| 239651892 | muhammad the great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | 71 | |
| 239651893 | hausa | the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages | 72 | |
| 239651894 | sharia | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed | 73 | |
| 239651895 | zenji | Arabic term for the people and coast of east Africa. | 74 | |
| 239651896 | benin | a country on western coast of Africa | 75 | |
| 239651897 | kingdom of kongo | Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders | 76 | |
| 239651898 | great zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385) | 77 |
