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| 13456299609 | Balance of Power | a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others | 0 | |
| 13456302126 | Triple Alliance | an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI | 1 | |
| 13456304199 | Triple Entente | an alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI | 2 | |
| 13456306179 | Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I | 3 | |
| 13456312251 | Great War | known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919 | 4 | |
| 13456314465 | Treaty of Versailles (1919) | treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired; was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s | 5 | |
| 13456323623 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize | 6 | |
| 13456326218 | Fourteen Points | series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I | 7 | |
| 13470987958 | Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s | 8 | |
| 13470990071 | Getulio Vargas | dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954; defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization | 9 | |
| 13470992040 | Lazaro Cardenas | president of Mexico (1934-1940); brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry | 10 | |
| 13470994502 | New Deal | series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression | 11 | |
| 13470995907 | Import Substitution Industrialization | an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports | 12 | |
| 13470999261 | John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) | English economist; most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence "General Theory") and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending | 13 | |
| 13471000577 | Fascism | a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition | 14 | |
| 13471002933 | Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) | Italian Fascist dictator, 1922-1943 | 15 | |
| 13471004562 | Nazi Germany | Germany as ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945, a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion, and the purification of the German state | 16 | |
| 13471006711 | Weimar Republic (1919-1933) | German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy; was created from the defeat of the imperial army, the revolution against the Hohenzollerns, and the hopes of German Liberals and Social Democrats; had accepted the provisions of the Versailles treaty; as a result, came to be associated with national disgrace; its constitution did not receive loyalty from Germans, and permitted a temporary presidential dictatorship in an emergency, as well as allowed small extremist groups to get more power than they would have otherwise; lacked support and coup attempts occur; violence marked the first five years of this republic; suffered from inflation after the invasion of the Ruhr by the French | 17 | |
| 13471012422 | Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) | Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany in 1933; set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II | 18 | |
| 13471013960 | Kristallnacht | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews | 19 | |
| 13471015485 | Revolutionary Right (Japan) | also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life ca. 1930-1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion | 20 | |
| 13519201767 | Holocaust | a methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy; called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled | 21 | |
| 13519205941 | Nazi "Final Solution" | To get rid of the Jews and any other "inferior" races in Europe that weren't the German "Aryan" race, or blond hair blue eyed; genocide, or the deliberate murder, of the whole Jewish Population was the final solution to the Jewish problem | 22 | |
| 13519209543 | Total War | a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields | 23 | |
| 13519214903 | Manchukuo | Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931 | 24 | |
| 13519219839 | "Asia for Asians" | lands in Asia was to be dominated and controlled by Asians, started by the Japanese and spearheaded by Japan | 25 | |
| 13519223113 | Pearl Harbor, 1941 | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II; was attacked on December 7, 1941 | 26 | |
| 13519227342 | Rape of Nanjing | Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China | 27 | |
| 13519235959 | Greater Japan Women's Society | this society enrolled some 19 million women who volunteered work and promised to lay aside their gold jewelry and abandon extravagant weddings because of the war | 28 | |
| 13519238677 | European Economic Community | an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | 29 | |
| 13519245435 | Marshall Plan | a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) | 30 | |
| 13519248601 | United Nations (UN) | an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security | 31 | |
| 13574329679 | Russian Revolution of 1917 | spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms | 32 | |
| 13574337979 | Bolsheviks | a party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917 | 33 | |
| 13574341902 | Vladimir Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) | 34 | |
| 13574346594 | USSR (Soviet Union) | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 35 | |
| 13574352282 | Guomindang | political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists; often abbreviated at GMD | 36 | |
| 13574360552 | Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists; established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976 | 37 | |
| 13574363344 | Chinese Revolution of 1911 | also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911 and ended with the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12, 1912; the primary parties to the conflict were the Imperial forces of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), and the revolutionary forces of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui); the revolution is so named because 1911 is a Xinhai Year in the sexagenarian cycle of the Chinese calendar | 38 | |
| 13574371853 | CCP (Chinese Communist Party) | authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present | 39 | |
| 13574379880 | Great Leap Forward | started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years | 40 | |
| 13618387094 | Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) | after Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R.; created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry; tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death | 41 | |
| 13618391421 | Zhendotel | the department of the USSR government dedicated to women's affairs | 42 | |
| 13618395121 | Collectivization | a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government | 43 | |
| 13618395122 | Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) | Mao Zedong trained young "Red Guards" to go to local villages and put traditional Confucianists on trial for betraying the revolution; this was done to distract from his failure in the Great Leap Forward | 44 | |
| 13618400844 | Great Purges/Terror | a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag | 45 | |
| 13618404537 | Anna Dubova | born to a Russian peasant family in 1916 she lived through the communist experience of her country; her life illustrates the complexities that ordinary citizens faced as they sought to navigate the communist system | 46 | |
| 13618412303 | Kulaks | rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor; they were their own class | 47 | |
| 13639409926 | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations | 48 | |
| 13639411528 | Warsaw Pact | an alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations; in response to the NATO | 49 | |
| 13639414406 | Korean War (1950-1953) | began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea; the war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel; the Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia (Vietnam) | 50 | |
| 13639417095 | Vietnam War | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States | 51 | |
| 13639422090 | Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | a confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War | 52 | |
| 13639424591 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) | 53 | |
| 13639428483 | Non-alignment | people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty | 54 | |
| 13639432834 | Military Industrial Complex | Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address; feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending | 55 | |
| 13639434183 | Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) | Soviet leader who denounced Stalin's rule and brought a temporary thaw in the superpowers' relations | 56 | |
| 13639436390 | Deng Xiaoping | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong | 57 | |
| 13639438041 | Perestroika | a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society | 58 | |
| 13639439739 | Glasnost | a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems | 59 | |
| 13639439740 | Mikhail Gorbachev | head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991; his liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe | 60 | |
| 13681630046 | Decolonization | the collapse of colonial empires; between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence | 61 | |
| 13681635287 | Indian National Congress (INC) | major Indian political party; began as leading organization of Indian independence movement | 62 | |
| 13681640935 | Mahatma Gandhi | great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines | 63 | |
| 13681652588 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan; lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913; as leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights | 64 | |
| 13681656198 | Muslim League | an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations | 65 | |
| 13681667617 | Abdul Ghaffar Khan | founder of the Khudai Khidmatgar or "Servants of God" movement (1890-1988) in the Northwest Frontier Province of colonial India, he advocated throughout his life nonviolent social and political reform based on Islamic principles | 66 | |
| 13681677628 | Afrikaner | a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans | 67 | |
| 13681681456 | Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994 | 68 | |
| 13681685808 | African National Congress (ANC) | the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party | 69 | |
| 13681689009 | Apartheid | laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas | 70 | |
| 13681695476 | Black Consciousness Movement | social and political movement inspired by the black power movement in the US that pressed for increased rights and an end to separate development; the movement succeeded in winning young followers until it was banned in 1977 | 71 | |
| 13713950360 | Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) | leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast; when independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana; developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues | 72 | |
| 13713960543 | Rwandan Genocide | the killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994; the conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard; U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done | 73 | |
| 13713965520 | Salvador Allende (Chile) | Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was the first ever Marxist to be elected president in a country with liberal democracy | 74 | |
| 13713968619 | Augusto Pinochet | Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses | 75 | |
| 13713977969 | Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular | 76 | |
| 13713984132 | Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941-1979) | wanted to modernize Iran; established SAVAK; disliked by most Iranians; supported by the US | 77 | |
| 13713988683 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic | 78 | |
| 13762204088 | Neoliberalism | an economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government | 79 | |
| 13762210662 | Globalization | actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope | 80 | |
| 13762218255 | World Bank and International Monetary Fund | two agencies of the United nations that give loans to countries for development projects | 81 | |
| 13762218256 | TNCs | transnational company/corporation; a large company operating in several countries | 82 | |
| 13762225604 | Labor Migrants | those who migrate because they are driven by either "push" factors (a lack of work, low pay) in their homeland or "pull" factors (jobs and higher pay available elsewhere) | 83 | |
| 13762230797 | WTO (World Trade Organization) | the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations | 84 | |
| 13762230799 | Prague Spring (1968) | Reformist Alexander Dubcek was elected and attempted to expand civil rights to the people of Czechoslovakia; the members of the Warsaw pact invaded with tanks and occupied the country until 1990 | 85 | |
| 13762237986 | Che Guevara | (1928-1967) Argentinean revolutionary leader; he was an aide to Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution | 86 | |
| 13762243662 | Second Wave Feminism | Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination | 87 | |
| 13802007258 | Fundamentalism | literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect) | 88 | |
| 13802011677 | Hindutva | fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups | 89 | |
| 13802022174 | Islamic Renewal | large number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture | 90 | |
| 13802025860 | Green Revolution | rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers | 91 | |
| 13802029749 | Osama bin Laden/al-Qaeda | international terrorist network, led by Bin Laden; goal to purge Muslim nations of Western influence | 92 | |
| 13802029750 | Global Warming | a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants | 93 | |
| 13802038080 | Environmentalism | a social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species | 94 | |
| 13802041332 | Rachel Carson | United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) | 95 |
