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| 8210773863 | Three Field (Equal Field) System | A rotational system for agriculture in which two fields grow food crops and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced the two-field system (leaving half the land fallow annually) in medieval Europe. -Alternate wheat and rye with oats, barley, or legumes -In Tang, emperor could allocate arable land to people fairly | 0 | |
| 8210773864 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. -Originated in inner Asia, spread west with Mongol armies -Triggered social changes by peasants in W. Europe | 1 | |
| 8210773865 | Waru Waru Agriculture | An agricultural technique that was developed in South America. It consists of raised beds and irrigation to prevent soil erosion from doing damage during floods. This technique helps to collect water, but at the same time, drain it so that it will not be affected by brutal floods. | 2 | |
| 8210773866 | Chinampa System | Type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. -artificial islands that were created by interweaving reeds with stakes beneath the lake's surface, creating underwater fences. A buildup of soil and aquatic vegetation would be piled into these "fences" until the top layer of soil was visible on the water's surface. | 3 | |
| 8210773867 | Terrace Farming | Method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope by Incas | 4 | |
| 8210773868 | Junk | A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Song, and Ming Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. -Stern-mounted rudder improved the steering of the large ship in uneasy seas, and watertight bulkheads helped keep it afloat in emergencies -Shipwrights of the Persian Gulf soon copied these features in their ship designs | 5 | |
| 8210773869 | Gunpowder | A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. -Experimented with by the Song in order to counter cavalry assaults -Initially used to propel clusters of flaming gunpowder -Wars against Jurchens, destructive short-range shells | 6 | |
| 8210773870 | Neo-Confucianism | Song and later versions of Confucian thought -Eased conflict between Buddhism and Confucianism -Li: spiritual presence similar to universal spirit in Hinduism and Buddhism -Sage: human ideal, preserve mental stability and serenity while dealing with troubling social issues | 7 | |
| 8210773871 | Zen/Chan Buddhism | The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as Chan, and in Korean as Son. -Mental discipline alone could win salvation | 8 | |
| 8210773872 | Movable Type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It eventually replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. Although China had an early form of moveable type in the eleventh century, Koreans invented durable, metal moveable type in the thirteenth century that may have influenced later print technology in China. -Mass production of test prep books in Song era | 9 | |
| 8210773873 | Son Buddhism | Exposed to Korea by Koryo kings that frequently traveled between Yuan China and Korea | 10 | |
| 8210773874 | Noh Theatre | This slow, rhythmic, chanted form of drama appealed to the military elite with its stories of warriors, women, gods, and demons. The minimal stage is normally bare except for a painting at the rear of a pine tree, symbolizing the means by which deities descend to earth. The actors wear masks and lavish costumes. Four instrumentalists playing flutes and three types of drums punctuate the chanting. -Established in Ashikaga era by Zen Buddhist beliefs held by warrior elite under prosperous times of new Ashikaga Shogunate | 11 | |
| 8210773875 | Thomas Aquinas | Influential Dominican theologian that argued that although both men and women were created in God's image, there was a sense in which "the image of God is found in man, and not in woman: for man is the beginning and end of woman; as God is the beginning and end of every creature." | 12 | |
| 8210773876 | 'Canterbury Tales" | Written by English poet Geoffrey Chaucer about rich millers that aroused jealousy of their neighbirs | 13 | |
| 8210773877 | Medici Family | Wealthy Florentine family that operated banks in London, Flanders, and Italy -Controlled government in Florence and commissioned artworks | 14 | |
| 8210773878 | Patron | Encouraging and financially supporting an artist | 15 | |
| 8210773879 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. | 16 | |
| 8210773880 | Flying Buttress | Masonry structure typically consisting of an inclined bar carried on a half arch that extends ("flies") from the upper part of a wall to a pier some distance away and carries the thrust of a roof or vault. -Stabilized high, thin, stone columns below pointed/Gothic arch |  | 17 |
| 8210773881 | Renaissance (Europe) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. -Began in northern Italy, spread to N and E Europe | 18 | |
| 8210773882 | University | Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin Europe from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. | 19 | |
| 8210773883 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish-German astronomer that proposed that planets orbited the sun rather than the earth -Conflicted with long-held beliefs that the earth was the center of God's universe -Based ideas mainly on Greek Ptolemy and recent Arabic writings | 20 | |
| 8210773884 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and commentaries of Avicenna with Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 21 | |
| 8210773885 | Sir Thomas More | English humanist and statesman, chancellor of England, was beheaded for refusing to accept King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. | 22 | |
| 8210773886 | 'Utopia' | Describes a pagan and communist city-state in which the institutions and policies are entirely governed by reason. The order and dignity of such a state provided a notable contrast with the unreasonable polity of Christian Europe, divided by self-interest and greed for power and riches. | 23 | |
| 8210773887 | 'Summa Theologica' | Written by Thomas Aquinas, his most notable scholastic work | 24 | |
| 8210773888 | 'Divine Comedy' | Long, elegant poem written by Italian Dante Alighieri -Supreme expression of medieval preoccupations tells the allegorical story of Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell and the seven terraces of Purgatory, followed by his entry into Paradise -Foreshadowed use of Greco-Roman classical themes and mythology in later Italian Renaissance | 25 | |
| 8210773889 | Humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities With the brash exaggeration characteristic of new intellectual fashions, humanist writers like the (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. -Movement was influenced by Dante, began in Florence | 26 | |
| 8210773890 | Erasmus | Dutch scholar of Rotterdam that produced a critical edition of New Testament in Greek -Corrected many errors and mistranslations in the Latin text that had been in general use throughout the Middle Ages -wrote (in classical Latin) influential moral guides, including the Enchiridion militis christiani (The Manual of the Christian Knight, 1503) and The Education of a Christian Prince (1515). | 27 | |
| 8210773891 | Printing Press | A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. | 28 | |
| 8210773892 | Johann Gutenberg | Printed the Gutenberg Bible of 1454 (first book in West printed from movable type) | 29 | |
| 8210773893 | Giotto | Florentine painter that single-handedly revived the "lost art of painting" -In religious scenes, he replaced the stiff, staring figures of the Byzantine style, which were intended to overawe viewers, with more natural and human portraits with whose depictions of grief and love viewers could identify. Rather than floating on backgrounds of gold leaf, his saints inhabit earthly landscapes. | 30 | |
| 8210773894 | Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who mixed his pigments with linseed oil in place of the egg yolk of earlier centuries. Oil paints dried more slowly and gave pictures a superior luster. Italian painters quickly copied van Eyck's technique, though his own masterfully realistic paintings on religious and domestic themes remained distinctive. | 31 | |
| 8210773895 | Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance artist who used oil paints for his 'Mona Lisa' -Notebooks contained imaginative designs for airplanes, submarines, and tanks | 32 | |
| 8210773896 | Michelangelo | Painted frescoes of biblical scenes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, sculpted statues of David and Moses, and designed the dome for a new Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. | 33 | |
| 8212143249 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. | 34 | |
| 8212143250 | William Shakespeare | Literary genius in England that was inspired by the Renaissance | 35 | |
| 8212143251 | Shintoism | Japan's ethnic religion that focuses on the belief that spiritual powers manifest in natural places such as mountains, rivers, and other aspects of nature including people and animals | 36 | |
| 8212143252 | Porcelain | In China, porcelain is defined as pottery that is resonant when struck. In the West, it is a material that is translucent when held to the light. | 37 | |
| 8212143253 | Ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community. -Foundation of Andean achievement -Members held land communally, were obligated to aid each other -Provided the model for labor organization and goods distribution at every level of Andean society | 38 | |
| 8212143254 | Liao Empire of the Khitan People | One of the three new states that emerged after Tang Dynasty and extended from Siberia to Inner Asia -Prided themselves on pastoral traditions, didn't bother with single elite culture, supported Mahayana Buddhism -Most powerful Asian empire at the time, largest army in East Asia, challenged Song | 39 | |
| 8212143255 | Tanggut State | State established by Minyak people on Inner Asian frontier in NW China -Supported Tibetan Buddhism | 40 | |
| 8212143256 | Song Empire | Empire in central and southern China (960- 1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the "Southern Song") while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. | 41 | |
| 8212143257 | Jurchens | People of NE Asia that also resented Liao rule -Allied with Song that tired of paying tribute and destroyed Liao capital in Mongolia, proclaiming Jin empire, and betrayed Song -Clashed with Song, destroying Song capital of Kaifeng and capturing Song emperor | 42 | |
| 8212143258 | Jin | Empire established by Jurchens | 43 | |
| 8212143259 | Hangzhou | New capital of Song after Song retreat south of Yellow River -Left central and northern China in Jurchen control after conflicts | 44 | |
| 8212143260 | Koryo | King were protected by Choe family tyrants -King surrendered to Mongols, became subject monarch by linking his family to the Great Khan by marriage. -Kings were mostly Mongol and favored Mongol culture | 45 | |
| 8212143261 | Yi Songgye | Rebellious general that forced the Koryo ruling family to recognize the new Ming Empire -Established new Choson kingdom with Seoul capital and sought to reestablish distinctive Korean identity | 46 | |
| 8212143262 | Choson Dynasty | Ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. -Publicly rejected period of Mongol domination -Continued to employ Mongol-style land surveys, taxation in kind, and military garrison techniques | 47 | |
| 8212143263 | Han'gul | Phonetic writing system of Korea | 48 | |
| 8212143264 | Kamakura Shogunate | Controlled most of the three islands (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) of central Japan -Had stable, decentralized government when attacked by Mongols | 49 | |
| 8212143265 | Kamikaze | The "divine wind," which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. | 50 | |
| 8212143266 | Ashikaga Shogunate | The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. -Took control at Kyoto, imperial center -Established after civil war started by emperor Go-Daigo wanting power back from shoguns | 51 | |
| 8212143267 | Dai Viet | Northern Vietnam (once called Annam) -Heavily influenced by Chinese politics and culture -After the Ming withdrawal, conquered Champa, establishing a unified state on both Confucian and local practices. | 52 | |
| 8212143268 | Champa Kingdom | Southern Vietnam, heavily influenced by Indian culture -Started trade + tribute relationship with China that spread Champa rice throughout East Asia | 53 | |
| 8212143269 | Wat Tyler | Led a large revolt of peasants and craftsmen in London, calling for an end to serfdom, obligations to landowners, and murder of archbishop of Canterbury and other officials | 54 | |
| 8212143270 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali Empire, Timbuktu became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 55 | |
| 8212143271 | Altepetl | An ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica led by tlatoani (ruler), the common political building block of that region. -Directed collective religious, sodial, and political obligations of ethnic group -Ex. Mexica during push into central Mexico after Toltec collapse | 56 | |
| 8212143272 | Calpolli | A group of up to a hundred families that served as a social building block of an altepetl in ancient Mesoamerica. -Controlled land allocation, tax collection, and local religious life | 57 | |
| 8212143273 | Mi'ta | Andean (Incan) labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of rulers or religious organizations. -Communities sent workers for building projects or for labor on state and religious land | 58 | |
| 8212239291 | Flying Money | Name for intercity/interregional credit by Song -Depended on the acceptance of guarantees that the paper could be redeemed for coinage at another location. The public accepted the practice because credit networks tended to be managed by families, so that brothers and cousins were usually honoring each other's certificates. | 59 | |
| 8212239292 | Hanseatic League | In northern Europe, an association of trading cities traded extensively in the Baltic, including the coasts of Prussia, newly conquered by German knights. Their merchants ranged eastward to Novgorod in Russia and westward across the North Sea to London. | 60 | |
| 8212239293 | Guild | In medieval Europe, brought together craft specialists, such as silversmiths, or merchants working in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. Guilds were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. -Denied membership to outsiders and Jews, protected interests of families -Perpetuated male dominance of most skilled jobs | 61 | |
| 8212239294 | Footbinding | First appeared among slave dancers at the Tang court, didn't become widespread until the Song -Bindings forced the toes under and toward the heel, so that the bones eventually broke and the woman could not walk on her own -Condemned by many literate men, but became a status symbol -Was only practiced by Chinese elites, not working women and indigenous people of the south | 62 | |
| 8221267818 | Sati | Upper-caste widow throwing herself on her husband's funeral pyre -Remained a meritorious act strongly approved by social custom -Strictly optional | 63 |
