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AP World History Period 1 & 2 Review Flashcards

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11221898932Agriculturepractice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.0
11221898933ArtisanA skilled craftsperson.1
11221898934DomesticationThe taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food.2
11221898935EurasiaThe large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.3
11221898936AnimismThe belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.4
11221898937Hunter-foragersPeople who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.5
11221898938IrrigationA way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.6
11221898939MetallurgyThe science of the study of metals.7
11221898940MigrationA movement from one country or region to another.8
11221898941MonotheismThe belief in one God.9
11221898942Paleolithic PeriodOld Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.10
11221898943Specialization of laborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.11
11221898944SurplusHaving more resources than needed for themselves.12
11221898945TextileItems made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home.13
11221898946UrbanizationAn increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.14
11221898947OvergrazingThe continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.15
11221898948OverfarmingLand loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.16
11221898949ArtifactsObjects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.17
11221898950Neolithic RevolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.18
11221898951Bronze AgeThe period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.19
11221898952CivilizationThe stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.20
11221898953JerichoOne of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river.21
11221898954Catal HuyukAncient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up.22
11221898955Nomadic PastoralismPeople moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.23
11221898956Kinship GroupSeveral related families that moved together in search of food.24
11221898957ClanGroup of families with a common ancestor.25
11221898958TribeA group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.26
11221898959PatriarchalRelating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.27
11221898960MerchantsPeople who buy and sell goods also known as traders.28
11221898961Social StratificationThe division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.29
11221898962Priests and PriestessesPeople who performed religious ceremonies.30
11221898963Tigris and Euphrates RiversFlow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.31
11221898964MesopotamiaLand between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.32
11221898965Fertile CrescentAn arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .33
11221898966SumeriansGroup of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.34
11221898967ZigguratsTemples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.35
11221898968DesertificationThe spread of desert like conditions.36
11221898969Indus River ValleyDeveloped near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.37
11221898970Environmental DegradationCaused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.38
11221898971DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.39
11221898972LoessA wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt.40
11221898973MesoamericaAn area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.41
11221898974GlyphsThe first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects.42
11221898975BarterTrading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.43
11221898976PolytheisticBelief in many gods.44
11221898977ZigguratsTemples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.45
11221898978AstronomyThe study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.46
11221898979AstrologyTheory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.47
11221898980AbrahamFounder of Judaism.48
11221898981MosesLed the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.49
11221898982Ten CommandmentsLaws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives.50
11221898983Jewish DiasporaThe scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.51
11221898984The Huang He and The Chiang JiangWhere Chinas first civilizations developed.52
11221898985MummificationInvolved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth.53
11221898986HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.54
11221898987PapyrusA type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.55
11221898988VedasA collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.56
11221898989Vedic AgeAryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.57
11221898990BrahmaOverarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.58
11221898991DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.59
11221898992KarmaThe effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.60
11221898993MokshaThe Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.61
11221898994Ancestor VenerationThe believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.62
11221898995Golden AgeA period in which a society or culture is at its peak.63
11221898996Mandate of HeavenA just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.64
11221898997UpanishadsA foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.65
11221898998PictographsA graphic symbol that represents an idea, concept, or object, rather than representing a single sound, as letter systems do.66
11221898999ShamansPeople who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.67
11221899000Core and Foundational civilizationsCivilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.68
11221899001City-StateTypically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.69
11221899002KingsSumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.70
11221899003CuneiformSumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.71
11221899004ScribesIndividuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.72
11221899005The Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.73
11221899006EmpireLarge territory that included diverse cultural groups.74
11221899007BabyloniansPersians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.75
11221899008HammurabiBabylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.76
11221899009Code of HammurabiLaw code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.77
11221899010PhoeniciansMost powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.78
11221899011CarthageA Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.79
11221899012Alphabetic scriptA system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech, as an alternative to cuneiform around 1000 B.C.E.80
11221899013Sahara and Kalahari DesertsTwo desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.81
11221899014Nile RiverThe river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.82
11221899015Old KingdomA period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.83
11221899016Middle KingdomA period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.84
11221899017New KingdomThe period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.85
11221899018PharaohA king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.86
11221899019TheocracyRulers holding both religious and political power. A government controlled by religious leaders87
11221899020HyksosA group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.88
11221899021AkhenatonThe pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten.89
11221899022Ramses the GreatTook the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.90
11221899023HittitesHad military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.91
11221899024DravidiansIndigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.92
11221899025Xia DynastyLasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.93
11221899026Shang DynastyRuled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.94
11221899027Zhou DynastyThe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.95
11221899028FeudalismThe network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.96
11221899029MaizeOne of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.97
11221899030Chavin CivilizationExisted from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.98
11221899031OlmecThe foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.99
11221899032AboriginalsPeople in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.100
11221899033Easter IslandDivided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.101
11221899034Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.102
11221899035Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.103
11221899036Ancestral PuebloFormerly known as the Anasazi, this people established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America.104
11221899037Angra MainyuIn Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda.105
11221899038AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.106
11221899039AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.107
11221899040AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.108
11221899041Athenian democracyA radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.109
11221899042AtmanThe human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.110
11221899043AxumClassical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished111
11221899177from 100 to 600 C.E.112
11221899044Bantu expansionGradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking113
11221899045Ban ZhaoA major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.114
11221899046Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.115
11221899047Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.116
11221899048bhakti movementAn immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.117
11221899049BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.118
11221899050BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.119
11221899051BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama120
11221899052Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).121
11221899053CahokiaThe dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.122
11221899054caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.123
11221899055ChavinAndean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.124
11221899056ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.125
11221899057ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.126
11221899058ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.127
11221899059Coptic ChristianityThe Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.128
11221899060Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.129
11221899061DaodejingThe central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.130
11221899062DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.131
11221899063Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.132
11221899064dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.133
11221899065Empress WuThe only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.134
11221899066Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.135
11221899067Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.136
11221899068Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.137
11221899069Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).138
11221899070Han dynastyDynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.139
11221899071Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.140
11221899072helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.141
11221899073HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.142
11221899074HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.143
11221899075HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.144
11221899076Hopewell CultureNamed from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E.145
11221899077hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to146
11221899178fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.147
11221899078IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.148
11221899079IsiahOne of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation149
11221899179of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.).150
11221899080Jenne-jenoLargest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization151
11221899081Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).152
11221899082KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based153
11221899180on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.154
11221899083karmaIn Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.155
11221899084KsatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.156
11221899085LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.157
11221899086latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire158
11221899087LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.159
11221899088Mahayana"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.160
11221899089Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.161
11221899090Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.162
11221899091MayaThe major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.163
11221899092MocheAn important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.164
11221899093MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.165
11221899094Mound BuildersMembers of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.166
11221899095NazcaA civilization of southern coastal Peru, the Nazca became famous for their underground irrigation channels and their gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other designs.167
11221899096Niger Valley CivilizationDistinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.168
11221899097NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.169
11221899098Olympic GamesGreek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.170
11221899099PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.171
11221899100Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.172
11221899101Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.173
11221899102PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.174
11221899103PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.175
11221899104Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.176
11221899105PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.177
11221899106PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.178
11221899107Pueblo"Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people.179
11221899108Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.180
11221899109PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.181
11221899110Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.182
11221899111Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly183
11221899181reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.184
11221899112"ritual purity" in Indian social practiceIn India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.185
11221899113Saint PaulThe first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).186
11221899114scholar-gentry classA term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.187
11221899115Semi-sedentaryTerm frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting.188
11221899116Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.189
11221899117SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).190
11221899118SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.191
11221899119SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers192
11221899120TeotihuacánThe largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."193
11221899121TheodosiusRoman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the194
11221899182Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.195
11221899122Theravada"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.196
11221899123the "three obediences"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.197
11221899124TikalMajor Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.198
11221899125UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.199
11221899126UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.200
11221899127VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.201
11221899128VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.202
11221899129Wang MangA Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.203
11221899130Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.204
11221899131WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.205
11221899132XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.206
11221899133YahwehThe monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.207
11221899134Yellow Turban RebellionA major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.208
11221899135Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.209
11221899136ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.210
11221899137ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.211
11221899138Roman Empirestretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran.212
11221899139AcupunctureChinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body influenced by Daoism213
11221899140filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.214
11221899141plaguea disease that spreads quickly and kills many people215
11221899142HanChinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism.216
11221899143Cyrus the GreatFirst emperor of Persia--was good to conquered people.217
11221899144Rock Pillar EdictsMoral and legal codes established by Ashoka, influenced by Buddhism218
11221899145Julius Caesarancient roman general whose murder led to the end of the roman republic219
11221899146Roman roadswere built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles220
11221899147Silk RoadsWhich trade route is indicated by the map?221
11221899148monsoonsseasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons222
11221899149Babylonian Captivity50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from their homeland and eventually freed by the Persians223
11221899150sanskritPrimary sacred language of hinduism224
11221899151reincarnationHindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.225
11221899152Four Noble Truthsas taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism226
11221899153Eightfold PathIn Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering227
11221899154sutrasBuddhists sacred writings.228
11221899155Five Basic Relationshipsruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend229
11221899156Daoist architectureChinese building style influenced by one of the main philosophies that emerged during the period of Warring States230
11221899157ancestor venerationThey don't worship ancestors, but they pray to them out of respect.231
11221899158AthensA Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy.232
11221899159Spartaa greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors233
11221899160Peloponnesian War30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak234
11221899161HellenismCultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great235
11221899162bureaucraciesranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures developed in earnest by the classical empires236
11221899163Great Wall of ChinaFirst stages built by Qin Shihuangdi237
11221899164Hadrian's WallNorthern border of the Roman Empire in Britannia238
11221899165PataliputraThe capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires239
11221899166AlexandriaAn ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism240
11221899167ConstantinopleThe capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire241
11221899168corveeLabor tax; peasants had to work for free for part of the year242
11221899169slaveryA system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.243
11221899170satithe Hindu ritual requiring a wife to throw herself on her deceased husband's funeral pyre244
11221899171HunsA tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans245
11221899172Conrad-Demorest ModelCan be used to describe the rise and fall of every empire in history246
11221899173camelincreased trade between Africa and Asia; important domesticated pack animal of the classical age247
11221899174dhowName of this type of ship248
11221899175lateen sailtriangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind249

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