From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 5607960357 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization | 0 | |
| 5607960358 | Civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups | 1 | |
| 5607960359 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 2 | |
| 5607960360 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 3 | |
| 5607960361 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 4 | |
| 5607960362 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction | 5 | |
| 5607960363 | Homo sapiens | The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic | 6 | |
| 5607960365 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies | 7 | |
| 5607960366 | Catal Huyuk | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification | 8 | |
| 5607960367 | Bronze Age | From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing | 9 | |
| 5607960368 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys | 10 | |
| 5607960369 | Potter's wheel | A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products | 11 | |
| 5607960370 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states | 12 | |
| 5607960371 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 13 | |
| 5607960372 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 14 | |
| 5607960373 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections | 15 | |
| 5607960374 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 5607960375 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law | 17 | |
| 5607960376 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs | 18 | |
| 5607960377 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 19 | |
| 5607960378 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform | 20 | |
| 5607960379 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 21 | |
| 5607960380 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization | 22 | |
| 5607960381 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 23 | |
| 5607960382 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 24 | |
| 5607960383 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization | 25 | |
| 5607960384 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | 26 | |
| 5607960385 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty | 27 | |
| 5607960386 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 28 | |
| 5607960387 | Ideographic writing | Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 29 | |
| 5607960390 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 30 | |
| 5607960391 | Egalitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 31 | |
| 5607960394 | Neolithic Revolution | Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles | 32 | |
| 5607960395 | Name the advantages of agriculture | more reliable and abundant food | 33 | |
| 5607960396 | name the disadvantages of agriculture | disease, malnutrition, crop reliance, etc. | 34 | |
| 5607960397 | _____ and _____ developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. | Patriarchy Forced labor systems | 35 | |
| 5607960398 | Patriarchy | Father based | 36 | |
| 5607960403 | civilization | large societies with cities with powerful states | 37 | |
| 5607960405 | identify 6 core foundational civilizations | Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavin in Andean South America | 38 | |
| 5607960411 | the first legal code was ______, developed by _____ | Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi | 39 |
