From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 8429977450 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 8429977451 | Civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups | 1 | |
| 8429977452 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished |  | 2 |
| 8429977453 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies |  | 3 |
| 8429977454 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction |  | 4 |
| 8429977455 | Agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture | 5 | |
| 8429977456 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies |  | 6 |
| 8429977458 | Bronze Age | From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing |  | 7 |
| 8429977459 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |  | 8 |
| 8429977460 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 9 |
| 8429977462 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king |  | 10 |
| 8429977464 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. |  | 11 |
| 8429977465 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law |  | 12 |
| 8429977467 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 13 |
| 8429977468 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 14 |
| 8429977469 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 15 | |
| 8429977470 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization |  | 16 |
| 8429977471 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean |  | 17 |
| 8429977472 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern |  | 18 |
| 8429977473 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization |  | 19 |
| 8429977474 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China |  | 20 |
| 8429977475 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty |  | 21 |
| 8429977476 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing |  | 22 |
| 8429977478 | Paleolithic | The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. |  | 23 |
| 8429977479 | Eglitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 24 | |
| 8429977480 | Neolithic Revolution | Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles |  | 25 |
| 8429977481 | Patriarchy | A system of inequality organized around gender categories that privileges males |  | 26 |
| 8430103692 | sedentary agriculture | - farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place - domestication of plants and animals | 27 |
