From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 5778350626 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization | 0 | |
| 5778350627 | Civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups | 1 | |
| 5778350628 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 2 | |
| 5778350629 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 3 | |
| 5778350630 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 4 | |
| 5778350631 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction | 5 | |
| 5778350632 | Homo sapiens | The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic | 6 | |
| 5778350633 | Agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture | 7 | |
| 5778350634 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies | 8 | |
| 5778350636 | Bronze Age | From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing | 9 | |
| 5778350637 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys | 10 | |
| 5778350639 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states | 11 | |
| 5778350640 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 12 | |
| 5778350641 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 13 | |
| 5778350642 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections | 14 | |
| 5778350643 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. | 15 | |
| 5778350644 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law | 16 | |
| 5778350645 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs | 17 | |
| 5778350646 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 18 | |
| 5778350647 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform | 19 | |
| 5778350649 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization | 20 | |
| 5778350653 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | 21 | |
| 5778350654 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty | 22 | |
| 5778350655 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 23 | |
| 5778350659 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 24 | |
| 5778350660 | Eglitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 25 | |
| 5778350661 | During the Paleolithic era, fire was used in new ways including ___ (list 3) | aid hunting and foraging protect against predators adapt to cold environments | 26 | |
| 5778350662 | Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra | tools | 27 | |
| 5778350663 | Neolithic Revolution | Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles | 28 | |
| 5778350664 | Name the advantages of agriculture | more reliable and abundant food | 29 | |
| 5778350665 | name the disadvantages of agriculture | disease, malnutrition, crop reliance, etc. | 30 | |
| 5778350666 | _____ and _____ developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. | Patriarchy Forced labor systems | 31 | |
| 5778350667 | Patriarchy | male based society | 32 | |
| 5778350668 | Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the Middle East, possibly as a response to what? | climatic change | 33 | |
| 5778350669 | had to work cooperatively to clear land and create water control systems needed for crop rotation. | Agricultural communities | 34 | |
| 5778350670 | Technological innovations led to ____ | improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation | 35 | |
| 5778350672 | civilization | large societies with cities with powerful states | 36 | |
| 5778350675 | Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations | new weapons modes of transportation | 37 | |
| 5778350676 | name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists | Chariots Horseback riding | 38 | |
| 5778350677 | Early civilizations developed ____ and ____ | monumental architecture urban planning | 39 | |
| 5778350679 | ____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffused | systems of record keeping | 40 | |
| 5778350680 | the first legal code was ______ | Code of Hammurabi | 41 | |
| 5778350682 | name 3 new religious beliefs | the Vedic religion Hebrew monotheism Zoroastrianism | 42 | |
| 5778350684 | name 2 examples of trade expansion | Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley | 43 |
