From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER
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| 7576829127 | hunting and gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 7576829128 | civilization | Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups | 1 | |
| 7576829130 | nomadic societies | livestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies |  | 2 |
| 7576829131 | culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction |  | 3 |
| 7576829132 | agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture |  | 4 |
| 7576829133 | pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies |  | 5 |
| 7576829134 | Catal Huyuk | Early urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification |  | 6 |
| 7576829135 | Bronze Age | From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing |  | 7 |
| 7576829136 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |  | 8 |
| 7576829138 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 9 |
| 7576829139 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets |  | 10 |
| 7576829140 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king |  | 11 |
| 7576829141 | ziggurat | a massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections |  | 12 |
| 7576829142 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. |  | 13 |
| 7576829143 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law |  | 14 |
| 7576829144 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs |  | 15 |
| 7576829145 | pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 16 |
| 7576829146 | hieroglyphics | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 17 |
| 7576829148 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization |  | 18 |
| 7576829149 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean |  | 19 |
| 7576829150 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of early Indian civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern |  | 20 |
| 7576829151 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization |  | 21 |
| 7576829152 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China |  | 22 |
| 7576829153 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia) |  | 23 |
| 7576829154 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing |  | 24 |
| 7576829158 | Human migration during Paleolithic era | movement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 25 | |
| 7576829159 | egalitarian | equality among people (no social levels) | 26 | |
| 7576829161 | Neolithic Revolution | period of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement |  | 27 |
| 7576829162 | patriarchy | father based/male dominated society |  | 28 |
| 7576829175 | Jericho | One of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel. |  | 29 |
